Fig 1: Schematic illustration of a 3D in vitro synovial hyperplasia model simulating the rheumatoid synovial membrane. Neo-vascularization is represented using FLSs. The effects of the DMARDs are evaluated based on changes in LDH, ROS, and IL-1beta levels, highlighting drug susceptibility in actual RA patients.
Fig 2: The anti-inflammatory effects of increased c-Ski protein levels are abolished after HDAC1 interference in vitro. U937 cells were transfected with 50 nM HDAC1 siRNA or NC siRNA for 24 h and then infected with Ad-Ski or Ad-EGFP at an MOI of 2,000 for another 24 h, as indicated, followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml LPS for 24 h. (a) HDAC1 levels were assessed by Western blot analysis. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. (b) Quantitative analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels, as measured by qPCR. n = 9; NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. (c) Representative images and (d) Western blot analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β protein levels. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. ELISAs of TNF-α (e) and IL-1 (f) levels. n = 9; NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test
Fig 3: The anti-inflammatory effects of increased c-Ski protein levels are abolished after p65 interference in vitro. U937 cells were transfected with 50 nM p65 siRNA or NC siRNA for 24 h and then infected with Ad-Ski or Ad-EGFP at an MOI of 2,000 for another 24 h, followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml LPS for 24 h, as indicated. (a) p65 levels were assessed by Western blot analysis. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. (b) Quantitative analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels, as measured by qPCR. n = 9; NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. (c) Representative images and (d) Western blot analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β protein levels. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test. ELISAs of TNF-α (e) and IL-1 (f) levels. n = 9; NS, not significantly different; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test
Fig 4: Positive correlation between IL-1B and GDF-15 (IL-1β—Interleukin 1β, GDF-15—Growth differentiation factor 15).
Fig 5: Positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-1B (IL-1β—Interleukin 1β, IL-6—Interleukin 6).
Supplier Page from Abcam for Human IL-1 beta ELISA Kit