Fig 2: Proteins expression levels change between diminished ovarian response (DOR) patients and controls (CON) in follicular fluid and cumulus cells. (A) Prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and (B) CD5 antigen-like (CD5L) levels in follicular fluid were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (C) ACPP and (D) CD5L levels in cumulus cells were analyzed by western-blot. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.0001.

Fig 3: Low CD5L expression in synovial macrophages associates with joint damage in RA. A CD5L protein levels in serum from RA patients and healthy controls (left), and paired serum and synovial fluid samples from RA patients (right). B Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) between serum CD5L levels or vdH–Sharp score and serological markers. C Correlation analyses of serum CD5L levels versus vdH–Sharp score in 80 RA patients (left), and the CD5L-dependent gene signature in non-classical monocytes versus vdH–Sharp score (right). D Frequency of CD5L⁺ cells within the synovial myeloid cell cluster. E UMAP visualization of CD5L-dependent signature expression in synovial myeloid cells assessed by single-cell RNA-seq. F Gene expression changes (log₂ fold change) in the CD5L-dependent osteoclastogenic signature of blood CD14⁺ cells in relation to vdH–Sharp score and serum CD5L levels. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2; nominal p-values are indicated. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

Fig 4: Incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in WT and CD5L⁻ mice. A Column plot of arthritis incidence from five independent experiments. WT (n = 36) and CD5L⁻ (n = 39) mice. p-values were obtained using the χ2 test (see Table 2). p < 0.05. B Line plot of mean clinical arthritis severity. The shaded area represents SEM. C Line plot of mean change in body weight. D Dot plot of weight change in relation to disease severity score. Lines represent Pearson correlations in WT and CD5L⁻ mice

Fig 5: Immune profile of WT and CD5L⁻ mice during CIA. A Serum CD5L levels measured in WT mice after immunization. p-values were obtained using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons. B Frequencies of blood leukocyte subsets in WT (n = 10) and CD5L⁻ (n = 10) mice. Leukocytes were phenotyped by flow cytometry: CD11b+ cells, monocytes (Siglec-F⁻Ly6G⁻F4/80⁺CD11b⁺); inflammatory monocytes (Siglec-F⁻Ly6G⁻F4/80⁺CD11b⁺Ly6C⁺); and Ly6C⁻ monocytes (Siglec-F⁻Ly6G⁻F4/80⁺CD11b⁺Ly6C⁻). Shaded area indicates mean and SEM of total leukocyte frequency. p-values were calculated using Šídák’s multiple-comparisons test. C Serum cytokine levels in WT (n = 6) and CD5L⁻ (n = 6) mice. p-values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney test. D Serum RANKL and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) levels on day 56 after immunization. p-values were obtained using an unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction. E Splenic gene expression in non-immunized WT (n = 5) and CD5L⁻ (n = 5) mice, measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to Actb (β-actin). p-values were calculated using a two-tailed unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction