Fig 2: Serum OSM level in patients with DM and CAD. (A) Among patients with CAD, serum OSM level was significantly high in patients with DM. (B) Among patients with CAD, serum OSM level was significantly high in those who had the Type C AHA/ACC Task Force stenosis characteristic classification. (C) Among patients with DM and CAD, serum OSM level was significantly high in those who had the Type C AHA/ACC Task Force stenosis characteristic classification.

Fig 3: Correlation between serum OSM and obesity. Serum OSM had positive correlations with BMI (A) and HbA1c (B).

Fig 4: (A) Exercise increased serum OSM and VEGF levels in HF patients (n = 48). (B) The enhancement of serum OSM levels during exercise was higher in HF patients with IHD than in those with non-IHD (n = 24 each).

Fig 5: The change in serum OSM levels in HF patients before and after additional SGLT2 inhibitors (3 months).