Fig 2: Effect of cisplatin and other pharmacological agents on the levels of BDNF in the heart homogenates. The values are in means ± SD.

Fig 3: NGF, BDNF and CGRP levels in the bladder tissue. The levels of (A) NGF, (B) BDNF and (C) CGRP in rat bladders were detected by ELISA. *P<0.05 vs. control; #P<0.05 vs. caffeine group; @P<0.05 vs. DM group. NGF, nerve growth factor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Fig 4: Study design. Middle-aged female rats were randomly group-housed (GH) or socially isolated (SI) for a total of eight weeks. At the beginning of the fifth week, they were injected daily with vehicle or cannabidiol (CBD; 10 mg/kg, i.p.) until the end of the experiment. During the last two weeks, a battery of behavioral tests was conducted: the open field (day 42), the Morris water maze (days 45–49), and the forced swim test (days 55–56). All rats were exposed to the same battery of behavioral tests. The tests occur under dim lighting (15–20 lx) and take place between 9:00 and 13:00 h. Twenty-four hours after the last behavioral test (day 57), brains were removed for ELISA analysis of BDNF in the PFC, ventral subiculum, CA1, NAc, and BLA. The sample size was based on previous studies in our lab using a stress model and similar behavioral tests in rats [82].

Fig 5: The influence of MSD and V-pyrro/NO on the blood levels of cortisol (a) and BDNF (b). * p < 0.05 vs. control; ** p < 0.01 vs. control.