Fig 2: Characterization of early, NSE and NeuN, neuronal markers following transdifferentiation media and consecutive laser irradiation treatment. Fluorescent protein detection through fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescent microscopy revealed the presence of neuronal markers 7 days post-PBM. Scale bar: 100 μm.

Fig 3: Characterization of transdifferentiated iADSCs using neuronal markers NeuN, NSE, MAP2, and Tau. Fluorescent protein detection through flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in neuronal markers 7 days postlaser treatment. A shift to the right in distribution indicated an increase in neuronal marker expression.

Fig 4: Characterization of the morphology and the expression patterns of neuron-specific proteins in rBM-MSCs treated with neuritin. While cells in the (A) control group were similar to fibroblasts, (B) differentiated rBM-MSCs exhibited neuron-like cell morphologies. The cell body condensed and became refractile, and the cells composed a network with bipolar or multipolar long processes (magnification, ×200). (C-H) Indirect immunofluorescence was performed to detect the expression (C and D) NSE, (E and F) MAP2 and (G and H) GFAP following induction with neuritin (magnification, ×400). (I) Similar results were obtained by western blot analysis of NSE, MAP2, and GFAP expression in neuritin-induced and control cells. rBM-MSCs, rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; MAP2, microtubule associated protein-2; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Fig 5: DPSC lysate downregulates content of CEA, SCC, NSE in supernatant of A549 cells. A The protein level of CEA, NSE, and SCC was detected by ELISA (n = 3). B The mRNA expression of CEA, NSE, and SCC was detected by qRT-PCR (n = 3). *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.