Fig 2: Comparison of antiviral activity of sulfated (A) ulvans against HSV-1 [45], (B) glucans against HCMV [47], (C) pectins against HSV-1 [259] and (D) arabinogalactans against HSV-1 [44], having different molecular masses (MSs). Antiviral activity was performed by plaque reduction assay in HEp-2 cells (human larynx epithelial cells carcinoma, ATCC CCL-23) (A,C), in Vero cells (ATCC CCL-81) (D) and by GFP-based replication assay in primary human fibroblasts (B).

Fig 3: Adherence of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains to human respiratory epithelial cells. The effect of a bpaC mutation on the adherence of B. pseudomallei (Bp) DD503 and B. mallei (Bm) ATCC 23344 to monolayers of A549 (panels A and D) and HEp-2 (panels B and E) cells and cultures of NHBE (panels C and F) was measured in duplicate on at least 3 separate occasions. Strains were incubated with epithelial cells for 3-hr. Cells were then washed to remove unbound bacteria, lysed, diluted and spread onto agar plates to enumerate bound bacteria. The results are expressed as the mean percentage (±standard error) of inoculated bacteria adhering to epithelial cells. Asterisks indicate that the difference between the adherence of the bpaC KO mutant and that of the parent strain is statistically significant (P value shown in parentheses).

Fig 4: transmission electron microscopy images presenting cytotoxic damage in HEp-2 cells induced by Haemophilus influenzae supernatants. A: Escherichia coli K12 negative control, magnification 25,000X; B: H. influenzae ATCC 49247, magnification 15,000X, 20,000X; C: E. coli 933W positive control, magnification 20,000X, 40,000X; D: H. influenzae ATCC 10211, magnification 25,000X, 40,000X; E: H. influenzae ATCC 49766, magnification 25,000X, 40,000X; F: H. influenzae ATCC 33930, magnification 20,000X, 25,000X.

Fig 5: Adherence of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains to human respiratory epithelial cells. The effect of a bpaC mutation on the adherence of B. pseudomallei (Bp) DD503 and B. mallei (Bm) ATCC 23344 to monolayers of A549 (panels A and D) and HEp-2 (panels B and E) cells and cultures of NHBE (panels C and F) was measured in duplicate on at least 3 separate occasions. Strains were incubated with epithelial cells for 3-hr. Cells were then washed to remove unbound bacteria, lysed, diluted and spread onto agar plates to enumerate bound bacteria. The results are expressed as the mean percentage (±standard error) of inoculated bacteria adhering to epithelial cells. Asterisks indicate that the difference between the adherence of the bpaC KO mutant and that of the parent strain is statistically significant (P value shown in parentheses).