Description
An alkaloid with diverse biological activities, including neuroprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties; increases cell survival and decreases LDH leakage and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in rat primary hippocampal neurons in a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion injury at 1, 2, and 5 µM; inhibits proliferation and reduces migration and invasion of SCC-9 and SCC-15 OSCC cells in vitro at 5 µM; reduces tumor growth in an SCC-9 mouse xenograft model at 80 mg/kg; inhibits xylene-induced ear swelling and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice at 40 and 80 mg/kg; reduces carrageenan-induced decreases in the paw withdrawal threshold and prevents carrageenan-induced increases in paw tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 levels in mice at 80 mg/kg