Fig 2: The expression of Sema3E in mouse vagal ganglion and lung tissue. (a) Representative image of Sema3E immunofluorescence staining of mouse vagal ganglion. DNA staining was blue, and Sema3E staining was green original magnifications: ×200, scale bar = 75 μm. (b) The expression level of Sema3E in the mouse vagal ganglion. (c) Representative image of Sema3E immunofluorescence staining of mouse lung tissue. Original magnifications: ×200, scale bar = 75 μm. (d) Sema3E expression level in mouse lung tissue. (e) Western blot analysis of Sema3E levels in lung tissue. (f) Western blot statistical results of Sema3E in mouse lung. (Compared with NS group, ∗: p < 0.05; ∗∗: p < 0.01; compared with EB group, #: p < 0.05; ##: p < 0.01). Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). (NS: nasal saline group, AS: asthma group, EB: eosinophilic bronchitis group, DXM: dexamethasone group, Sema3E: Semaphorin3E).

Fig 3: PlexinD1 activates ErbB3 and cMet in PCa.(A) GSEA plots of transmembrane RTK-related gene sets enriched in PlexinD1-knockdown vs. control 22Rv1 cells, and PLXND1-high vs. -low PCa patient samples in TCGA cohort. (B) Representative images of a RTK phosphorylation antibody array and quantification of p-ErbB3 levels in control and PlexinD1-knockdown C4-2BENZR cells (n = 2 technical replicates). The raw values from measurement of p-ErbB3 spot intensity after background subtraction are presented. (C) Western blot of p-ErbB3, p-ErbB2, p-cMet, p-ERK, p-AKT, and their total protein forms in control and PlexinD1-knockdown C4-2BENZR and 22Rv1 cells. (D) qPCR of ErbB3 (NRG1 and NRG2) and cMet (HGF) ligand mRNA levels in control and PlexinD1-knockdown C4-2BENZR and 22Rv1 cells (n = 3 biological replicates). (E) Representative PLA images and quantification of PlexinD1-ErbB3/cMet interaction by per-cell cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in C4-2BENZR cells treated with recombinant Sema3E/Sema3C proteins (200–500 ng/ml, 4 h) or SEMA3E/SEMA3C siRNA (10 μM, 48 h). PlexinD1 antibody incubation alone served as negative controls. The n of each group indicates the number of cells examined for quantification. Scale bars: 5 μm. (F) Co-IP assays of PlexinD1-ErbB3/cMet interaction in 22Rv1 cells. IgG was used in the IP step as negative control. Five percent of input was blotted as positive control. (G) Cell proliferation assays of 22Rv1 cells pre-treated with an ErbB3 neutralizing antibody (100 ng/ml, 24 h) or SGX-523 (5 µM, 24 h) and then subjected to PLXND1 siRNA addition followed by a 5-day observation period, and control and PlexinD1-overexpressing LNCaP cells upon treatment with an ErbB3 neutralizing antibody or SGX-523 during a 5-day observation period. Data represent the fold changes of cell proliferation on day 5 relative to siRNA treatment day (day 1) for 22Rv1 cells or treatment day (day 1) for LNCaP cells (n = 3 biological replicates), with fold changes in non-treated groups of control cells set as 1 for normalization of other groups. (H) qPCR of stemness, basal, and NE markers as indicated in 22Rv1 cells receiving an ErbB3 neutralizing antibody (100 ng/ml, 24 h), SGX-523 (5 µM, 24 h), or transient transfection of ErbB3/cMet expression plasmids followed by PLXND1 siRNA treatment for another 48 h (n = 3 biological replicates). (I) qPCR of stemness, basal, NE, and EMT markers as indicated in control and PlexinD1-overexpressing LNCaP cells upon treatment with 100 ng/ml ErbB3 neutralizing antibody or 5 µM SGX-523 for 24 h (n = 3 biological replicates). Data information: In (B, D, E, G, H, I), data are presented as mean ± SEM. In (A), P values were determined by permutation test. In (B, D), P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. In (E), P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. In (G, H, I), P values were determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ns, not significant. Exact P values are listed in Appendix Table S4. Source data are available online for this figure.

Fig 4: PlexinD1 and associated Sema ligands are upregulated in CRPC cells.(A) GSEA of multiple cellular event and plasticity related gene sets enriched in C4-2BENZR vs. LNCaP cells. (B) Dot plot depicting the axon guidance pathway among KEGG pathways highly enriched in C4-2BENZR vs. LNCaP cells. (C) Volcano plot of axon guidance regulator genes detected in C4-2BENZR vs. LNCaP cells (n = 2 biological replicates). (D) GSEA plots of two semaphorin/plexin signaling-related gene sets enriched in C4-2BENZR vs. LNCaP cells. (E) Western blot of PlexinD1, Sema3E, Sema3C, and NE and AR signaling markers in LNCaP and C4-2BENZR cells. (F) Representative PLA images and quantification of PlexinD1-Sema3E/Sema3C interaction by per-cell cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in LNCaP and C4-2BENZR cells. PlexinD1 antibody incubation alone served as negative controls. The n of each group indicates the number of cells examined for quantification. Scale bars: 5 µm. (G) Representative Western blotting images and quantification of PlexinD1, Sema3E, and Sema3C protein expression in a panel of cell lines as indicated, with the averaged individual protein levels after normalization to β-actin in RWPE-1 cells from three independent experiments set as 1. Note that unequal amounts of total cell lysates from different cell lines were loaded intentionally due to the large discrepancy in target protein levels among different cell lines. Data information: In (F), data are presented as mean ± SEM. In (A, D), P values were determined by permutation test. In (C), P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. In (F), P values were determined by one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. **P < 0.01. Exact P values are listed in Appendix Table S4. Source data are available online for this figure.

Fig 5: D1SP inhibits ErbB3/cMet-Gli1 signaling and CRPC aggressive behavior in vitro and in vivo.(A) Graphic depicting D1SP as a recombinant PlexinD1 decoy protein. (B) Western blot of D1SP in whole cell lysate (WCL) and conditioned medium (CM) of D1SP-expressing CHO-K1 cells using a hIgGFc-specific antibody. (C) Flow cytometric analysis of binding of IgG-PE antibody conjugated D1SP at various doses in 22Rv1 cells (n = 3 biological replicates). (D) Representative PLA images and quantification of PlexinD1-Sema3E/Sema3C interaction by per-cell cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in 22Rv1 cells treated with D1SP (1 µM, 2 h) or PBS as a vehicle. PlexinD1 antibody incubation alone served as negative controls. The n of each group indicates the number of cells examined for quantification. Scale bars: 5 µm. (E) Cell viability assays of C4-2BENZR and 22Rv1 cells stimulated with 200 ng/µl recombinant Sema3E protein and then subjected to treatment with 1 µM D1SP for 7 days (n = 3 biological replicates). (F) Transwell-based cell migration and invasion assays of C4-2BENZR and 22Rv1 cells under 1 µM D1SP treatment (n = 3 biological replicates). Scale bars: 400 µm. (G) Representative brightfield and fluorescence microscopic images and quantification of LuCaP 147CR, 49 and 173.1 PCa PDX-derived live organoids after incubation with 1 µM D1SP or PBS as a vehicle for 10 days (n = 3 biological replicates). Scale bars: 100 µm. (H–J) Tumor growth curves (H), endpoint tumor weights (I), and anatomic tumor images (J) of s.c. 22Rv1 xenografts grown in male nude mice (n = 6 tumors) and receiving intratumoral injection of D1SP (30 µg/tumor, 2–3 times per week) and saline on the right and left flanks of mice, respectively. (K, L) Representative images (K) and quantification (L) of IHC staining of Ki-67, p-ErbB3, p-ErbB2, and p-cMet (n = 6 tumors) in control and D1SP-treated 22Rv1 tumors. Scale bars: 100 μm. (M) qPCR of select Gli1 target genes in control and D1SP-treated 22Rv1 tumors (n = 6 tumors). Data information: In (C–H), data are presented as mean ± SEM. In (C, D), P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. In (E), P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. In (F–H), P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. In (I, L, M), P values were determined by paired two-tailed Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ns, not significant. Exact P values are listed in Appendix Table S4. Source data are available online for this figure.