Description
GREM1 is a member of the DAN family. It contains 1 CTCK (C-terminal cystine knot-like) domain and is highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. As a cytokine, GREM1 may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop. It interacts with SLIT1 and SLIT2 in a glycosylation-dependent manner and down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis. GREM1 also is an inhibitor in the TGF beta signaling pathway. It inhibits BMP-2, -4, and -7. Inhibition by grem 1 of BMPs in mice allow the expression of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 4 and 8 and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) which are necessary for proper limb development