Fig 1: Summary of the biomarker effects on Th1/Tc1 cytokines in subject groups. Statistically significant effects from Figures 2–9 are shown. Light grey, up-regulation; dark grey, down-regulation. Biomarker concentrations are given in the top row. Group 1 includes biomarkers for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CXCL1, IL-18, CCL18, BNP), group 2 in-cludes biomarkers for asthma and cancer (Periostin, IL-17, CCL22, EGF). NS, non-smokers, S, current smokers without respiratory symptoms, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Fig 2: IL-18 modulated IFNγ, TNFα and GM-CSF release from PBMCs with activated T-cells. PBMCs from nonsmokers (NS; n = 10), current smokers without respiratory symptoms (S; n = 11) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects (COPD; n = 13) were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies (each at 500 ng/mL) and with IL-12 (10 ng/mL). After 30 min, recombinant IL-18 was added at 10 or 50 ng/mL. After 72 h, INFγ (A), TNFα (B) and GM-CSF (C) concentrations were measured in the cell culture supernatants by ELISA. Data were calculated as % change versus PBMCs that were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies and IL-12. Data are presented as scatter with median. The effects of IL-18 on the cytokines were analyzed by one-sample test vs. a hypothetical value of 0 (= no change). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001.
Supplier Page from R&D Systems, a Bio-Techne Brand for Recombinant Human IL-18/IL-1F4 Protein, CF