Fig 1: Localization of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) and its receptor, CXCR4, related to the transplanted cells and the endogenous migrated cells in the regenerated pulp on day 7. a, b Immunostaining of CXCL14 (red) merged with glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (green) and Hoechst 33342 (blue) after transplantation of pulp CD31− side population (SP) cells. c-e In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis of expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) (red) merged with BrdU (green) after transplantation of conditioned media (CM) from pulp (c), bone marrow (d), and adipose CD31− SP cells (e). f Ratio of CXCR4-positive cell numbers to BrdU-positive cell numbers in regenerated pulp tissues. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of four determinations. *P < 0.05
Fig 2: Western blot analyses of expression of trophic factors CXCL14 and MCP1 in pulp, bone marrow (BM), and adipose (AD) CD31− side population (SP) cells (SCs). Relative protein expression level was evaluated on the basis of the band intensities of CXCL14/β-actin and MCP1/β-actin. Each piece of data of Pulp SCs was defined as 1.0. CXCL14, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14; MCP1, Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
Fig 3: Trophic effects of CXCL14 and MCP1 compared with conditioned medium (CM) of pulp CD31− side population (SP) cells in vitro. a, b Effect of CXCL14 and MCP1 on migration (a) and its inhibition of anti-CXCL14 (a) or anti-MCP1 (b) (b) analyzed by TAXIScan-FL in (a) C2C12 and (b) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). c Angiogenic effect of MCP1 analyzed by immunocytochemistry with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Relative percentages of viable and apoptotic cells in the presence of 500 nM staurosporine analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of four determinations. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. CXCL14, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14; MCP1, Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
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