Fig 2: Non-fluorescent images of in vitro maturing human oocytes under different conditions, as revealed by time-lapse microscopy. IVM medium containing one of the following combinations of hormones was used: i) AMH, ii) FSH + hCG and iii) FSH + hCG + AMH. Legends: GV—Immature oocytes with germinal vesicle (arrow), MI—Immature oocytes at the MI stage, and MII—Mature oocytes at the MII stage with extruded polar body (arrow). All images were taken from the same oocytes at different time periods using PrimoVision time-lapse microscopy, the scale bar represents 100 µm

Fig 3: Maturation rates of GV oocytes matured in vitro. IVM medium containing one of the following combinations was used: i) AMH, ii) FSH + hCG, iii) FSH + hCG + AMH, or iv) no added hormones (control). Different levels of significance are indicated as follows: *P < 0.05 and ****P < 0.0001 (Fisher’s exact test)

Fig 4: Average time (hours) to GV breakdown and polar body release in oocytes matured in vitro. IVM medium containing one of the following combinations was used: i) AMH, ii) FSH + hCG, iii) FSH + hCG + AMH, or iv) no added hormones (control). Data represents mean ± SD. There was no significant difference between the groups (Student’s t-test)

Fig 5: SLC1A5 overexpression in mouse ovaries induces PCOS-like traits and impairs follicle development.a Schematic diagram of mouse ovarian orthotopic injection surgery. Created in BioRender. Ye, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/bpgxwa4/. b Estrous cycle monitoring in AAV-Control and AAV-Slc1a5 mice was conducted over 2 weeks using vaginal cytology (n = 6 for each group). P, proestrus; E, estrus; M/D, metestrus/diestrus phase. c Representative images of ovarian HE staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of SLC1A5 showing follicular development in AAV-Control and AAV-Slc1a5 mice (scale bar: 500 μm and 100μm). The experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. d Follicle number of primordial (PrF), primary (PF), secondary (SF), antral follicles (AF), and corpus luteum (CL) in HE-stained ovarian sections of AAV-Control and AAV-Slc1a5 mice (n = 5 for each group). e Serum levels of TT measured using LC-MS (n = 10 for each group). f Serum AMH levels measured using ELISA (n = 10 for each group). g Serum LH/FSH ratio measured using ELISA (AAV-Control n = 11, AAV-Slc1a5 n = 7). h Fertility index calculated through reproductive experiments (n = 5 for each group). i Number of oocytes counted after superovulation (n = 5 for each group). Statistical analyses were performed using the Student’s t test or the Mann-Whitney test in (b, d, e–i). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. All tests were two-sided. The biological replicates are used for statistical analysis in (b, d, e–i). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.