Fig 1: (A–D) The correlation between expression levels of nasal tissues CD40 (n = 28), CD40L (n = 25), ICOS (n = 21), ICOSL (n = 27), and blood eosinophil count. (E, F) The correlation between expression levels of ICOS (n = 19) and ICOSL (n = 24) in nasal tissues and Lund–Mackay score.
Fig 2: The effect of CD40-CD40L and ICOS-ICOSL pathways on eosinophil activation. Peripheral blood of patients with ECRS was stimulated with medium alone (Control, circle, n = 5), IgG (5 µg/ml, rectangle, n = 7), (A) rhCD40L (5 µg/ml, triangle, n = 10) or (B) rhICOS (10 µg/ml, triangle) for 24 h. Then, CD69 expression on eosinophils was detected by flow cytometry. Activated eosinophils were defined as CD45+CD16−CD69+ cells. The percentage of activated eosinophils after different stimulation.
Fig 3: The expression of CD40, CD40L, ICOS, and ICOSL in nasal tissues of patients with ECRS and non-eCRS. (A) The representative immunohistochemistry stainings of CD40, CD40L, ICOS, and ICOSL. Original magnification, ×400. (B) The mean numbers of CD40+ (non-eCRS, n = 19; ECRS, n = 9), CD40L+ (non-eCRS, n = 15; ECRS, n = 9), ICOS+ (non-eCRS, n = 12; ECRS, n = 8), and ICOSL+ (non-eCRS, n = 15; ECRS, n = 10) cells in nasal tissues.
Fig 4: The correlation among the levels of CD40, CD40L, ICOS, and ICOSL nasal polyp of patients with edematous CRS. N = 13, 15, 15, 13, 15, and 13 in (A–F).
Fig 5: The correlation among the levels of CD40, CD40L, ICOS, and ICOSL in nasal tissues of patients with CRS. N = 21, 26, 25, 20, 25, and 21 in (A–F).
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