Plant tissue culture has seen a variety of applications including large scale plant production, conservation, herbicide resistance, tissue transformation, genetic modifications, protein expression and biopharmaceuticals. Plant media, solid or liquid, are typically composed of inorganic salts along with select nutrients, vitamins and hormones. In 1962, plant scientists Murashige and Skoog invented a now-widely used medium while studying plant growth regulators. The Murashige and Skoog basal medium consists of major salts, minor salts, vitamins, and sucrose.