Fig 1: Mechanism of POG in inhibiting inflammation while maintaining epithelial barrier integrity within DSS-mediated UC. DSS successfully induced mice UC model. Colonic tissue damage was obvious as inflammatory factor levels elevated. POG can reduce DSS-induced UC and inhibit inflammatory factor production while alleviating colonic edema. POG modulates gut flora to maintain intestinal homeostasis while protecting the intestinal immune barrier from impaired avoidance but also inhibits AKT, MAPK, and NF-?B pathway activation, as well as inflammatory mediator expression (IL-1ß, TNF-a, and IL-6).
Fig 2: Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are reduced in the serum of aging Asc-/- mice. Serum IL-6 (A) concentration measured in 2, 6, 12, and 18-month-old WT and Asc-/- mice. Circulating levels of TNF-a (B) and IL-18 (C) determined in 2, 6, 12, and 18-month-old WT, Asc-/-, and Nlrp3-/- mice. n = 4–6 per cohort. ND, Not Determined. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. For each age group, comparisons were made with WT using Student's t-test (A,C) or Mann-Whitney test (A–C) (*p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001).
Fig 3: Analyses of circulatory cytokines (IFN?, TNFa, and IL-6) in serum of RD- and MFD-fed control and infected C57BL/6 mice during (a) acute (30 DPI) and (b) chronic (90 DPI) infection by ELISA. The error bars represent standard error of the mean. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 between indicated groups.
Fig 4: Loss of Cideb protects mice from diet-induced fatty liver diseases ALiver morphology of WT and Cideb -/- liver under chow diet and HFLF diet. H/E staining, oil red-O staining, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure (Electron Microscope) were performed. Scale bar represented 50 µm in the upper three rows of images and 2 µm in the bottom row of images. LD: lipid droplet; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; M: mitochondrial; N: nucleus.B, CTotal liver TAG levels (B) and liver cholesterol ester levels (C) of WT and Cideb -/- mice under chow diet and HFLF diet (n = 8 per group).DLoss of Cideb inhibits diet-induced SREBP activation. IB of hepatic SREBP processing and lipogenic enzyme levels (Fasn, Scd1) of WT and Cideb -/- mice under chow diet and HFLF diet.ESerum AST and ALT levels of WT and Cideb -/- mice under chow diet and HFLF diet (n = 8 per group).F Cideb deficiency alleviates the whole body inflammation response. Serum TNFa, MCP1, and IL6 levels of WT and Cideb -/- mice under chow diet and HFLF diet (n = 8 per group).G, HSerum fed glucose levels (G) and insulin levels (H) of WT and Cideb -/- mice under chow diet and HFLF diet (n = 8 per group).IGlucose tolerance test (GTT) of WT and Cideb -/- mice under HFLF diet (n = 5 per group).JInsulin tolerance test (ITT) of WT and Cideb -/- mice under HFLF diet (n = 5 per group).Data information: Data represent Mean ± SEM; NS: not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, by 2-tailed Student's t-test.Source data are available online for this figure.
Fig 5: POG treatment suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression within LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. (A) The activity of CCK8 cells was determined to affect RAW264.7 cells within the range of POG (12.5, 25, 50, 100,200 µmol/L). (B–D) qRT-PCR extraction of cellular mRNA for detecting IL-1ß, TNF-a, and IL-6 expression. (E–G) iNOS and COX-2 protein levels measured through WB assay. Data were means ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
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