Fig 1: The correlation of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and VMA with the efficacy of chemotherapy after chemotherapy. (a) Correlation analysis of MMP-9 and chemotherapy efficacy after chemotherapy. (b) Correlation analysis of TIMP-1 and chemotherapy efficacy. (c) Correlation analysis of VMA and chemotherapy efficacy. MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1; VMA, vanillylmandelic acid.
Fig 2: Cancer microtissues (a–f); monocultured microtissue and fibroblast-layered microtissue (1 × 104 cell/mL) on day 7. Red, MMP2 (a) and MMP9 (d); green, F-actin (b,e). MMP2 (g) and MMP9 (h) expression in the mono-cultured and fibroblast-layered microtissues was quantified using ELISA. All experimental samples were n > 3. Unmarked Scale bars, 100 µm.
Fig 3: Effect of the inhibition of MMP-9, PDGFR-a, and PECAM-1 on the behaviors of MDA-MB-435s-HM cells. HPCs were co-cultured with MDA-MB-435s-HM cells. a Representative images of MDA-MB-435s-HM cell migration. TIMP-1, PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor III, and WM59 were added to the culture medium in the experiment group, and normal saline was added to the control group. A significantly decreased number of migrated cells could be seen in the experimental group. b Statistical analysis of cell migration. c Inhibition of MMP-9, PDGFR-a, and PECAM-1 suppresses lung metastasis of MDA-MB-435s-HM cells
Fig 4: Quantitative analysis using ELISA to measure MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. Enzymatic activity was measured using ELISA in MCF-7 (A, C) and MDA-MB-231 (B, D) cells following 10 µM of calcitriol treatment. (** and ***) represents statistically significant change (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) in MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymatic activity between treated and control (Ctrl) untreated cells at given time points.
Fig 5: Effect of crotoxin on the production of MMP-9, MMP-13, cytokines, and chemokines in the 3D collagen gel. Monoculture of human lung fibroblasts MRC-5 and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 incubated with 12.5 nM of CTX for three days; invasion of collagen gel by composite spheroids of MRC-5/A549 at 48 h. After this period, spent media were collected to quantify the volume of MMP-9 (A) and MMP-13 (B) by ELISA. * p < 0.05 compared to the control group. # p < 0.05 compared to the control group. ** p < 0.01 compared to the control group. (n = 6). In (C), cytokine array analysis using composite spheroid invaded gel of at 48 h. The graph indicates the decrease in the growth factors by more than 1.2-folds. A pool of n = 4 was used.
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