Fig 2: Epi-1 inhibits the MRSA-mediated induction of sepsis markers CRP, IL6, IL1β, and TNFα. Pigs were i.v. injected with MRSA at 1 × 109 CFU/kg, and 30 min post-infection, the pigs were treated with i.v. injection of 1.5 mg/kg Epi-1, 2.5 mg/kg Epi-1, 0.5 mg/kg vancomycin, or 1.5 mg/kg Epi-1 plus 0.5 mg/kg vancomycin. Serum concentrations of CRP, IL6, IL1β, and TNFα were determined at various time points after infection with MRSA. Data with different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments. (A) CRP; (B) IL6; (C) IL1β; (D) TNFα.

Fig 3: In vivo assessment of the implanted decellularized larynx over the duration of the study. (A): Blood serum levels of both IL‐6 and IL‐10. (B): Still bronchoscopy images at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and 6 months showing the mucosal surface. Each operated side is illustrated with an asterisk. Mucosal brushing and the subsequent staining of cells with Ck‐7 (left: normal human buccal cheek cells; second from left: mucosal brushing from animal 415) and α‐GAL (middle: human cheek cells; second from right: normal porcine cheek cells; right: mucosal brushing from animal 414). (D): A representative vocal recording profile (frequency vs. intensity) from animal 412. Abbreviation: IL, interleukin.

Fig 4: Level of bacteriuria and inflammatory biomarkers during infection of pigs (n = 4). The infected pig bladders remain significantly colonized throughout the experiment (A). Within the first 24 h of infection, granulocytes are rapidly rising reaching maximum concentrations of 14.9 × 109/ml. Shortly after, a small drop in granulocyte level is observed though remaining elevated until termination of the experiment (B). CRP increases > 7-fold at 24 hpi (peak-value) and decrease linearly hereafter, reaching baseline values at 7 dpi (C). No observable change in levels of IL-6 was seen during infection (D). Graphs represent means ± standard error of the mean. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Data from 7 days onward are based on two pigs only. CFU, colony forming units; IL-6, interleukin-6.

Fig 5: Tumor Edge Demonstrates Elevated Proliferation and Inflammatory Cytokines. a Glioma markers and proliferative index were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. b IL-1β, c IL-6, and d TNF-α levels in the core and edge lysate cells of the minipig SCG model. The spinal cord glioma lysates were subjected to TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 ELISA analysis. Data are shown as means ± SEM. (*p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, n = 4)