Fig 2: mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and casein synthesis in mammary glands of dairy cows fed low concentrate (LC) or high concentrate (HC) dietsA. mRNA expression of genes responsible for inflammatory responses (TLR4, LBP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NF-κB and TNF-α) was determined. All genes were up-regulated significantly in dairy cows fed a high concentrate (HC) diet. Significant differences are indicated (*P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01, paired t-test). B. Gene expression of casein and mTOR signaling pathway-related genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, mTOR and S6K) were down-regulated in dairy cows fed a high concentrate (HC) diet, but the expression of 4EBP1 was elevated. The expression of JAK2 and STAT5 was not significantly different between the HC and low concentrate (LC) groups. Significant differences are indicated (**P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01, paired t-test).