Fig 1: Immunohistochemistry certified the localization of the proteins of corresponding genes in testicular tissues.A total of 6 genes were selected to be detected on testicular tissue sections derived from OA patients with normal spermatogenesis via immunohistochemistry, normal Rabbit IgG was used as primary antibody for negative control. Typical germ cells were pointed by arrows. (a) Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining of testicular tissue section. Normal spermatogenesis could be observed; (b) Negative control stained with normal IgG. Though there was a little non-specific background staining, no specific staining could be observed; (c) Section stained with anti-HSP60 (HSPD1) antibody. HSPD1 belongs to Cluster 1. (See Figs 2d and 3a) Spermatogonial Cells were stained in brown; (d) Section stained with anti-NFKBIZ antibody. NFKBIZ belongs to Cluster 2. Spermatogonial cells and some spermatids were stained in brown; (e) Section stained with anti-PHF16 (JADE3) antibody, PHF16 belongs to Cluster3. Spermatocytes were stained in brown; (f) Section stained with anti-GRIK5 antibody. GRIK5 belongs to Cluster 3. Many germ cells were stained in brown, among which spermatocytes and some spermatids were stained in a relatively dark color; (g) Section stained with anti-TRIM66 antibody. TRIM66 belongs to Cluster 4. Spermatids were stained in brown; (h) Section stained with anti-RFX1 antibody. RFX1 belongs to Cluster 4. Spermatids were stained in brown. These distribution patterns were mostly consisted to that of trancripts. (Abbreviation: SPG = spermatogonial cell; SPC = spermatocyte; SPT = spermatid.)