Fig 1: Roles of TAMMs in supporting organoid culture in vitro and tumor growth in vivo(A and B) Images of growth changes in the co-culture of adenoma-derived organoids with or without M-MDCs and with or without adding EP4 and COX-2 inhibitors (A), and the quantification of organoid mass (= No. × area) under different conditions. This quantification was based on two independent experiments each with multiple replicates. Each experiment was normalized to the mean of the crypt-only group, and then two experiments were subject to statistical analysis. Two-way ANOVA with post hoc test was used to compare group means. (B). For normalized mass data: we fit a two-way ANOVA model with all data from two experiments. Then, post-hoc t-tests were performed to test specific comparisons of interest. P-values were adjusted using the sidak method. The same experiment was repeated two times at different times and data are Mean+/- SEM.(C and D) IF assay of crypt budding and p-ßcatS552 detection (C), and western blot analyses of the p-ßcatS552 protein level in organoid culture with or without adding inhibitors (D).(E and F) Flow cytometry analysis of RMs (E) and TAMs (F) and inhibition of Cox-2 reduced both RMs and TAMs. T-tests with Means +/- SD.(G) Dot plot showing gene expression associated with RM and TAMs.(H) Adenoma growth was substantially reduced by Clodrosome compared with Encapsome.(I–K) Clodrosome caused significant depletion of CD11bintCX3CR1+ cells, which was shown to be Ly6c-MHCII+, thus fitting the definition of TAMs (B). H-K, T-tests with Welch’s correction Means +/-SD.