Fig 2: Immunostimulatory effects of BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap nanoagonist on STING-KO B16F10 tumor-bearing C57 mice in vivo.a PCR assay of the STING-KO mice (n = 11 mice). b Visual comparison of the nanoagonist-induced antitumor effects on STING-KO B16F10 tumor-bearing C57 mice. Scale bar = 1 cm. c Change in tumor volumes on STING-KO B16F10 tumor-bearing C57 mice throughout the treatment period. d Weight comparison of B16F10 tumors on STING-KO mice after different treatments. e–i Flow cytometric analysis on the DC maturation (CD80/CD86), M1/M2 macrophage ratio (F4/80/CD80/CD206) and T cell activation status (CD4/CD8, CD8a/IFN-γ) in B16F10 tumors on STING-KO mice after different treatments. Flow cytometry experiments in panels e–i were repeated three times independently with similar results. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM (n = 4 mice for panels c, d). Statistical analysis for panel d was carried out via one-way ANOVA method. * indicates significance at p < 0.05, *** indicates significance at p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Fig 3: BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap nanoassembly promotes DC maturation and cross-priming in vivo to enhance T cell infiltration and effector function.a–e Flow cytometric analysis on the expression levels of DC maturation (CD80/CD86), M1/M2 macrophage ratio (F4/80/CD86+ and F4/80/CD206+), and T cell activation state (CD4/CD8, CD8a/IFN-γ) in 4T1 tumor tissues after treatment with (I) control, (II) BSA-Man-Ft, (III) BSA-Man-Ft@Lap, (IV) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft, and (V) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap in vivo. f–i Serum levels of IFN-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments. j Immunofluorescence analysis of the intratumoral infiltration of CD4/CD8 T cells in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments in panels a–e and j were repeated three times independently with similar results. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM (n = 6 mice for panels f–i). Statistical analysis for panels f–i was carried out via one-way ANOVA method. * Indicates significance at p < 0.05, ** indicates significance at p < 0.01, *** indicates significance at p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Fig 4: BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap nanoassembly elicits systemic immunity to suppress distal tumors and lung metastasis.a Schematic illustration of the treatment procedures for bilateral tumors. b Images of the extracted distal tumors after various treatments including (I) control, (II) BSA-Man-Ft, (III) BSA-Man-Ft@Lap, (IV) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft, and (V) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap. Scale bar = 1 cm. c The change in the volumes of the distal tumors throughout the treatment period. (d) The average weight of distal tumors after different treatments. e Expression levels of CD80/CD86 in DCs from lymph nodes of the bilateral 4T1-tumor models after treatment with (I) control, (II) BSA-Man-Ft, (III) BSA-Man-Ft@Lap, (IV) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft, and (V) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap. f Expression levels of CD8a/IFN-γ markers of T cells in distal tumors after treatment with (I) control, (II) BSA-Man-Ft, (III) BSA-Man-Ft@Lap, (IV) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft, and (V) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap. g Photographs regarding lung metastasis in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice after different treatment (I) control, (II) BSA-Man-Ft, (III) BSA-Man-Ft@Lap, (IV) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft, and (V) BSA-Man@Mn2+-Ft@Lap. h The H&E staining of lungs after different treatments. Black circles indicate lung metastasis modules. Experiments in panels e–h were repeated three times independently with similar results. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM (n = 5 mice for panels c, d). Statistical analysis for panel d was carried out via one-way ANOVA method. ** indicates significance at p < 0.01, *** indicates significance at p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source data file.