Fig 1: Correlation between IL-17A, GDF15 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers. (A) IL-17A and (B) GDF15 were negatively correlated with E-cadherin. (C) IL-17A was positively correlated with N-cadherin and (D) no significant correlation was observed between GDF15 and N-cadherin expression. (E) IL-17A and (F) GDF15 were positively correlated with vimentin expression. IL, interleukin; GDF, growth/differentiation factor; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; N-cadherin, neural cadherin.
Fig 2: IL-17A and CSE induce GDF15 expression. (A) Cells were treated with 1, 2.5, 5, 10 or 15% CSE for 3 days. (B) Cells were treated with 10% CSE for 1, 2, 3 or 4 days. (C) Cells were treated with 10, 25, 50 or 100 ng/ml IL-17A for 3 days. (D) Cells were treated with 100 ng/ml IL-17A for 1, 2, 3 or 4 days. *P<0.05 vs. control. IL, interleukin; CSE, cigarette smoke extract; GDF, growth/differentiation factor.
Fig 3: Expression of IL-17A and GDF15 in patients with COPD. (A) Immunohistochemical staining of IL-17A and GDF15 in lung tissues. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of (B) IL-17A and (C) GDF15 in lung tissue samples obtained from patients with COPD and patients without COPD. (D) IL-17A expression was positively correlated with GDF15 expression.*P<0.05 vs. non-COPD smokers and #P<0.05 vs. non-COPD non-smokers. IL, interleukin; GDF, growth/differentiation factor; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Fig 4: IL-17A and GDF15 induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HSAEpiC cells. (A) Representative images of cell morphology following exposure to IL-17A and/or GDF15 for 3 days (magnification, ×200). Cells were exposed to IL-17A and/or GDF15 for 3 days and the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin was measured using (B) reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and (C) western blotting. *P<0.05 vs. control; #P<0.05 vs. GDF15 alone. IL, interleukin; GDF, growth/differentiation factor; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; N-cadherin, neural cadherin.
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