Fig 2: LTB (DM and PDM) coinfection is associated with increased antigen-specific supernatant levels of (A) IFNγ, (B) TNFα, and (C) IL-17A cytokines. PBMCs were cultured with no antigen (UNS), stimulated with Mtb (PPD, WCL), and positive (P/I) control antigens for 18 h in LTB NDM (n = 20), LTB PDM (n = 20), and LTB DM (n = 20) individuals. We measured the net cytokine levels by subtracting the antigen-induced cytokine or cytotoxic and immune markers from their baseline levels for each individual. Geometric mean values were represented using bars, and every circle denotes a single individual. p values were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test.