Fig 1: Human DC exposed to LL-37 upregulate CD141, CLEC9A, and XCR1.Monocytes were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers and incubated for 7 days with GM-CSF, IL-4 and 10 µM LL-37 or control peptide. On day 7, DC were identified as in (a) and flow cytometry (b) used to assess expression of CD141. (c–d) 24 h after incubation with LL-37 RNA was isolated from CD11c+ HLA-DR+ cells and expression of THBD and IRF8 examined. (e) Staining of cDC1 markers on LL-37-DC was compared to CD141+ DC isolated from blood. (f–i) other markers were examined on day 7 of culture. Data are shown as individual data points with line at median. Statistical tests used: (b, f, g) one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test comparing all to control, n = 3–24 donors; (c, d, h, i) two-tailed t-test, if necessary on raw data before conversion, n = 4–8 donors.