Fig 2: Effect of the overexpression of SlCDF4 in the fruit on cell size and number in the pericarp of fruits. (a) Micrograph of the number of cell layers and cell size at breaker stage. (b) Average number of cell layers and (c) mean cell area of the pericarp of MM and transgenic lines (L2 and L6) at breaker stage. Data are the mean (± s.e.m.) of ten different fruits of different plants. Bars = 1 mm. The mRNA levels of genes (d) cyclin dependent kinase SlCDKB2 and (e) cyclin SlCycB1 (Cell division), (f) expansin SlEXPA5, (g) xyloglucan endotransglycosilase SlXTH1 and (h) pectate lyase SlPEC (Cell expansion) and aquaporins (i) SlPIP1.2, (j) SlTIP2.3 and (k) SlPIP2.1 (Water uptake) were determined in fruits at the expansion phase (17 DAA). Data are the mean (± s.e.m.) of three biological replicates. Non transformed plants (MM) were used as controls. Transcript levels were normalized to the values of MM. Different letters indicate significant differences (LSD test; P < 0.05). NS not significant. The micrographs were captured with a Nikon DS-Fi3 camera using the Nikon NIS element D software (http://www.nikon.com/products. Nikon, USA).

Fig 3: NCoR1?IEC crypts were more sensitive to butyrate-induced suppression of proliferative cells. (A) Image of colonic crypt cells. Scale bar: 200 µm. Images were acquired using a 10× Ph1 ADL (numeric aperture, 0.25) phase-contrast objective on an inverted Nikon Ts2 microscope with a Nikon DS-Fi3 camera and Nikon NIS elements imaging software (Nikon Instruments, Inc, Melville, NY). (B) RT-qPCR of NCoR1 in colonic crypt cells after a few time passages (n = 3). (C) Colony-forming efficiency. Crypt cells were counted and plated at 10 cells/5 µL Matrigel and cultured in media supplemented with 1 mmol/L butyrate. After 5 days, spheroids developed from crypt cells and were enumerated and described as the percentage of control cells with no butyrate treatment. (D) The size of spheroids (diameter) was measured under a microscope, and grouped as large (>200 µm), medium (100–200 µm), and small (<100 µm). The results were described as the percentage of total cell numbers. (E) EdU incorporation assay. Two days after plating, cells were exposed to 1 mmol/L butyrate. Twenty-four hours later, cells were incubated with EdU at final concentration of 10 µmol/L. One hour later, cells were fixed and permeated for immunostaining with EdU Click-iT reaction cocktail containing Alexa Fluor–labeled primary antibody, followed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Images were acquired with a Leica TCS SP5 X confocal microscope and LAS AF imaging software. Scale bar: 50 µm. EdU+ cells were counted and described as the percentage of total cell numbers. (F) NCoR1F/F and NCoR1?IEC spheroids were treated with vehicle or 0.1, 1, 3, 10, and 30 mmol/L butyrate for 24 hours. Whole-cell extracts were prepared for electrophoresis and Western blot. Band density of targets and tubulin were quantified using Image Lab 5.2.1 software, and the results are described as the ratio of band density of targets over tubulin. *P < .05, ***P < .001. BUT, butyrate; C-Casp, cleaved caspase.

Fig 4: Detection of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix by Alcian Blue staining after 21 days of culture of hDPSCs on scaffolds and without scaffolds. The photographs were taken at 10× magnification with a Nikon DS-Fi3 microscope camera. The 20-µm scale bars are included in all photographs.

Fig 5: Cytological smear of nipple discharge showing mammary epithelial cells and inflammatory cells (hematoxylin–eosin stain; microscope, LEICA DM2500/ × 40; software, NIS-Elements F 4.60.00 64-bit; camera, Nikon DS-Fi3;scale bars, 100 µm)