Fig 1: The mRNA expression of the Oprd1 gene, encoding DOP receptor, in the stomach (A), distal ileum (B) and distal colon (C). The protein expression of DOP receptor (D) in the distal colon. The mRNA expression of Penk in the stomach (D), distal ileum (E) and distal colon (F). The protein expression of endogenous enkephalins: Leu-enkephalins (H,I) and Met-enkephalins (J,K) in the distal colon and in the plasma of 6-, 12- and 18-months old mice. Differences between groups were tested with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons apart from block (A) where Welch ANOVA test followed by Tamahane’s T2 was used, block (C,G) where Kruskal–Wallis test was applied with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Fig 2: The mRNA expression of the Opmr1 (A), Oprd1 (B) and Oprk1 (C) in the mucosal biopsies from the descending part of the colon from patients with constipation that were divided into two age groups: below 50 and over 50 years old. The difference between 2 groups was assessed with standard t-test, as the normality of data was not violated and variance homogeneity was proved.
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