Fig 1: DHEA-shaped gut microbiota reproduced glucose intolerance, polycystic ovaries and reproductive hormone disorders in FMT recipients. a Timeline for animal experiments in FMT recipients. Yellow bars represent normal feeding with standard chow and non-acidified drinking water. Other treatments are indicated in the schema. b Bodyweight, c FBG, d GTT, e area under the curve of GTT, f typical oestrous cycles and g H&E staining of typical ovaries. * indicates CL, and cyst-like follicles are indicated by #. Black arrows indicate normal granulosa cell layers. Red arrows indicate attenuated granulosa cell layers. Scale bar = 1000 µm (left) and 200 µm (right). h serum TT levels, i serum SHBG levels, j FAI, k serum LH levels, l serum FSH levels and m LH:FSH ratio. Data are given as mean ± SEM. n = 6 rats per group. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Fig 2: DHEA-induced glucose metabolism, ovarian morphology, and reproductive hormone level alterations in conventional and antibiotic-treated rats. a Bodyweight, b FBG, c GTT, d area under the curve of GTT, e oestrous cycle examination and f H&E staining of representative ovaries. * indicates CL, and cyst-like follicles are indicated by #. Black arrows indicate normal granulosa cell layers. Red arrows indicate attenuated granulosa cell layers. Scale bar = 1000 µm (left) and 200 µm (right). g serum TT levels, h serum SHBG levels, i FAI, j serum LH levels, k serum FSH levels and l LH:FSH ratio, DHEA + ABX, DHEA + antibiotics. Data are given as mean ± SEM. n = 6 rats per group. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001
Fig 3: L. reuteri supplementation ameliorates dyslipidemia in constant darkness rats.a Timeline depicting the treatments of darkness and L. reuteri in different groups of the L. reuteri-treated rat model. b Representative estrous cycles. M, metestrus; D, diestrus; P, proestrus; E, estrus. c Quantitative analysis of estrous cycles. d Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining of ovaries. Asterisk stands for corpus luteum. Scale bar: 200 µm. e–g Serum concentrations of LH/FSH ratio (e), testosterone (f), and SHBG (g) detected by ELISA. h Body weight changes. i Representative Oil Red O staining of livers. Scale bar: 50 µm and 25 µm. j Representative images of liver ultrastructure detected by transmission electron microscope. Scale bar: 40 µm and 1 µm. k Hepatic contents of TG, CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C, and NEFA detected by ELISA. l Serum concentrations of TG, CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C, and NEFA detected by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test. n = 8 per group. Data present means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
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