Fig 1: Exogenous LPS affected chemotherapy responsiveness. (A) ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) on human plasma samples measuring LPS-binding protein (LBP). n = 7–16; * p = 0.02, (B) ELISA on mice plasma sample measuring circulating LPS. n = 10–15; * p = 0.01, ** p < 0.005. (C) Schematic design of murine TNBC model with exogenous LPS injection. (D–H) Tumor volume of study groups was measured every three days and recorded in mm3, control untreated (D), Dox responders (E), Dox nonresponders (F), LPS only (G), and LPS + DOX (H), n = 7–12. (I) Representative images of H&E-stained lungs from each treatment group. Lung weights (J), and lung lesions (K), measured in the lungs. n = 5–10; ** p < 0.005, **** p < 0.0001. (L) Tumor proliferation marker Ki-67 in tumors measured by IHC immunoreactivity. n = 6–15; * p = 0.01, ** p = 0.002, **** p < 0.0001. (M) Apoptosis marker (cleaved caspase 3) in tumors measured by IHC immunoreactivity. n = 6–15; *** p < 0.0005, **** p < 0.0001.