Fig 1: Nano-HO improved the spatial learning and memory functions of TgCRND8 mice. The spatial learning and memory functions were evaluated using MWMT (n = 9). (A) Experimental design and treatment schedule to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of HO and Nano-HO on TgCRND8 transgenic mice; (B) The latency to find a hidden platform during 4 consecutive days of training; (C) Time spent in the target quadrant; (D) Number of target crossings; (E) Representative swimming tracks of mice in the probe test. Nano-HO decreased the levels of cytokines including TNF-α (F), IL-1β (G) and IL-6 (H), enhanced the level of CCR2 (I) in the brain tissues of TgCRND8 mice (n = 6). Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 when compared with the WT group; * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 when compared with the Tg + vehicle group; ▲ p < 0.05 when compared with free HO group.