Fig 1: Effect of CCl4 and bilberry fruit extract on histopathology of rat liver after 24 h (H&E and Immunohistochemical staining). I-group I (untreated group), II-group II (treated group), III-group III (CCl4), IV-group IV (treated + CCl4). (A) group I (untreated group), 100×; (B) group II (treated group), 100×; (C1–C11) group III (CCl4); C1-Necrosis followed by minor and severe reversible change, 100×; C2-Necrosis followed by macrovesicular hepatocytes, 100×; C3-Necrosis followed by vacuolar hepatocytes, 100×; C4-Hemorrhagic coagulation necrosis, 100×; C5-Necrosis (🞲), macrovesicular hepatocytes (→), hydropic hepatocytes (→), inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate (🞲), 200×; C6-Hemorrhagic coagulation necrosis (🞲), 200×; C7-Necrosis (🞲), vacuolar hepatocytes (→), 200×; C8- macrovesicular fatty hepatocytes (→), 400×; C9-Necrosis (🞲), microvesicular fatty hepatocytes (→), 400×; C10-Necrosis (🞲), 400×; C11-Inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate (🞲), 400×; (D1–D3) group IV (treated + CCl4); D1-minor reversible change (hydropic hepatocytes), 100×; D2- minor reversible change (vacuolar hepatocytes) and extended sinusoidal spaces, 200×; D3-Hydropic hepatocytes (→), 400×; (E) immunohistochemical detection of COX-2, 100×; (F) immunohistochemical detection of iNOS (NOS2), 100×; (G) immunohistochemical detection of TNF-α, 100×, (H) immunohistochemical detection of NGAL, 100×; (I) immunohistochemical detection Kupffer cells identification marker-CD68, 100×; (J) morphometric analysis extent of the necrotic area on a selected H&E field in the liver. The data show the average value ± S.D. (%) for 10 fields at the magnification of 200× for each animal in each group (H&E staining); (K) semiquantitative evaluation of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, NGAL, and CD68 immunohistochemistry staining. Staining intensity was graded as: - (negative), +/- (weak positive), + (positive), ++ (strongly positive), or +++ (very strongly positive).