Fig 1: Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and cytokine levels in HSP animals and pediatric patients.(A, B, C) Changes in the frequency of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, ratio of CD4/CD8, and serum IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-a levels in HSP rats, rabbits, and patients, respectively. The frequency of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4/CD8 decreased, and IL-4 and TNF-a levels increased in HSP animal models and patients compared to the controls. The frequency of CD8+ T cells increased in the model animals and there was no difference in HSP patients. IL-2 levels decreased in the model rabbits, and increased in HSP rats and patients. n = 10–18. * P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. controls.