Fig 1: Digital sEV counting detection (DECODE) chip to differentiate malignant and benign lung nodules. a) CT images of patients with malignant (top) and benign (bottom) lung lesions. b) Schematic of DECODE to count and phenotype sEVs using anti-TNC antibody conjugated nanopillar array and nanobox-based SERS barcodes that target sEV expression of CD63, THSB2, VCAN, and TNC. c) SERS spectra of Raman reporters with characteristic Raman signals: 2,7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin (MMC, 1175 cm-1), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-mercaptobenzoic acid (TFMBA, 1380 cm-1), 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB, 1330 cm-1), and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA, 1080 cm-1). d) Representative DECODE-enabled sEV molecular profiles of malignant and benign patients. e) Photograph of the DECODE chip. f) Tilted scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the nanopillar array.
Fig 2: Characterization of sEVs derived from lung cancer cell lines. Size distribution analysis and TEM image of a) HCC827, b) H1975, and c) HCC78 cell line sEVs. d) sEV surface biomarker expressions of THBS2, VCAN, and TNC by conventional ELISA. e) Nanoflow cytometry of sEVs’ expression of tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81).
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