Fig 1: (A) Analysis of AlkP and Alt levels on murine sera on the day of sacrifice by ELISA. Mice treated with DDC to induce bile duct injury and subsequently treated with NHs/dex (DDC + NHs/dex) did not have significant AlkP and ALT levels compared non-DC mice that did not receive any treatment (Normal Ctrl group). Mice treated with DDC + NHs, DDC + dex and DDC Ctrl groups showed significant high levels of AlkP and ALT compared to Normal Ctrl group. Furthermore, the DDC + NHs/dex group had AlkP and ALT statistically lower compared to the other DDC groups. Data represent mean ± SD of N = 6 independent experiments. *p < 0.05 vs Normal Ctrl; ¤ p < 0.05 vs DDC Ctrl; ^ p < 0.05 vs DDC + Dex; § p < 0.05 vs DDC + NHs. (B) NHE-1 relative gene expression was analysed on murine liver sections by RT-qPCR and normalized to the expression of GAPDH (housekeeping gene). NHE-1 gene expression in DDC + NHs/dex mice was statistically higher than in all other experimental groups. Data represent the mean ± SD of N = 6 independent experiments. *p < 0.05 vs Normal Ctrl; ¤ p < 0.05 vs DDC Ctrl; ^ p < 0.05 vs DDC + Dex; § p < 0.05 vs DDC + NHs
Fig 2: Antiviral activity of ciclopirox in a humanized liver mouse model of HBV infection. a Schematic depiction of the experiment. PXB mice (n = 3 per group) were injected via the tail vein with HBV virions (5 × 107 copies per mouse, genotype D). After 6 weeks, the mice were treated orally with TDF and/or ciclopirox (both 5 mg per kg, daily), and serum samples were taken from the orbital sinus every week. b Serum HBV genomic DNA levels measured by quantitative PCR. c Serum HBsAg levels determined by ELISA. d Serum HBeAg levels determined by ELISA. e Serum ALT levels determined by ELISA. f Human albumin levels determined by ELISA. g Intrahepatic cccDNA was determined in nucleic acid extracted from liver specimens obtained after 35 days of treatment. h Immunohistochemical analysis of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in liver sections obtained after 35 days of treatment (×200 magnification). The data in b–g are representative of three independent experiments, and are expressed as means ± SDs. The error bars represent the ± SD. Scale bars, 100 µm.*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
Fig 3: Detection of drug concentration-dependent toxicity and liver injury.Effect of Cloazpine (closed circles) or olanzapine (open circles) on albumin production (a), ALT release (b), and morphology score (c); Effect of troglitazone (closed circles) or pioglitazone (open circles) on albumin production (d), ALT release (e), and morphology score (f); Effect of trovafloxacin (closed circles) or levofloxacin (open circles) on albumin production (g), ALT release (h) and morphology score (i); Immunofluorescence microscopic images showing concentration-dependent increases in caspase 3/7 staining (green;) indicative of apoptosis after treatment with trovafloxacin at 0,1, 10, and 100 (j) times the unbound human Cmax for 7 days; concentration-dependent decrease in TMRM staining (yellow) indicative of mitotoxicity in response to treatment with sitaxsentan at 0,1,10, and 100 (k) times the unbound human Cmax for 7 days. Scale bar represents 50 µm.
Supplier Page from Abcam for Human ALT ELISA Kit