Fig 1: FTA trigger release of gut peptides and modulate insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. At end of week 26 of regimen, mice were killed, and blood was withdrawn by a vacutainer to determine GLP-1 (A, $P < .03, §P < .003, compared with HFD group); CCK (B, $P < .04, §P < .03, compared with STD group (B); PYY (C), LPS (F), TNF-a (G), IL-6 (H), triglycerol (I), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (J), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (K), *P < .001 compared with HFD group (K), and cholesterol (L) (n = 6). Unpaired two-tailed Student t test was used. NS, insignificant differences between the compared groups. IPGTT was performed (D and E). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical significance compared with the control group time points was analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey multiple comparison test, *P < .001; §P < .01.
Fig 2: FTA activate tongue-gut loop. (A) Effect of lingual application of different agents on pancreato-bile (PB) secretion in mice (insert). Animals were anesthetized, and esophageal ligation was performed to prevent any ingestion. They were further subjected to tongue (apical region) application of one of the agents (LA, NKS-3, or NKS-5) at 100 µmol/L (0.2 mL). Control mice received 0.2 mL water containing xanthan gum (XG) at 0.3% (w/v). The figure shows the protein concentrations in the PB secretions at different time points of post-application. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6). (B and C) Effect of lingual application of different agents on secretion of CCK (B) and PYY (C) according to the same protocol as described in A except that the mice were bled at different intervals, mentioned under histograms. Asterisks in B show statistically different data between LA- and NKS-3-induced responses (P < .0003 at 30 minutes; P < .0002 at 60 minutes). Asterisks in C show statistically different data between LA- and NKS-3-induced responses (P < .0005 at 15 minutes; P < .0006 at 30 minutes). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 5). Unpaired two-tailed Student t test was used.
Supplier Page from RayBiotech for Mouse PYY EIA