Fig 1: Berberine activated GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway in STC-1 cells. (A) The cck8 representative figures of PA, BBR and GLP-1 (9-36) amide (n = 3). (B) Representative figure of GLP-1 in cell (n = 3). (C) Representative western blots for immunoprecipitation of GLP-1R, PKA, PC1/3 and PC2 in STC-1. (D) The quantification of GLP-1R immunoprecipitation in STC-1 (n = 4). (E) The quantification of PKA immunoprecipitation in STC-1 (n = 4). (F) The quantification of PC1/3 immunoprecipitation in STC-1 (n = 4). (G) The quantification of PC2 immunoprecipitation in STC-1 (n = 4). (H) The mRNA levels of GLP-1R in STC-1 of different groups (n = 3). (I) The mRNA levels of PC1/3 in STC-1 of different groups (n = 3). (J) The mRNA levels of PC2 in STC-1 of different groups (n = 3). (K) The mRNA levels of Pdx1 in STC-1 of different groups (n = 3). All data are presented as means ± SEM. Compared to control group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Compared to model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Compared to BBR group, ~p < 0.05, ~~p < 0.01, ~~~p < 0.001.
Fig 2: Berberine increased the expression of GLP-1 and GLP-1R. (A) Representative immunohistochemical figures of GLP-1 in pancreas. Scale bar, 400 µm. (B) Representative immunohistochemical figures of GLP-1 in intestine. Scale bar, 400 µm. (C) Representative figure of GLP-1 area in pancreas (n = 3). (D) Representative figure of GLP-1 area in intestine (n = 5). (E) Representative figure of GLP-1 in blood serum (n = 5). (F) Representative immunohistochemical figures of GLP-1R in intestine. Scale bar, 400 µm. (G) Representative figure of GLP-1 area in pancreas (n = 3). (H) Representative western blots for immunoprecipitation of GLP-1R in intestine. (I) The quantification of GLP-1R immunoprecipitation in intestine (n = 4). (J) The mRNA levels of GLP-1R in intestine of different groups (n = 4). All data are presented as means ± SEM. Compared to control group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Compared to model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Fig 3: Berberine activated GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway in Min6 cells. (A) The cck8 representative figures of PA, BBR and GLP-1 (9-36) amide (n = 3). (B) Representative western blots for immunoprecipitation of GLP-1R, PKA, PC1/3, PC2 and Pdx1 in Min6. (C) The quantification of GLP-1R immunoprecipitation in Min6 (n = 4). (D) The quantification of PKA immunoprecipitation in Min6 (n = 4). (E) The quantification of PC1/3 immunoprecipitation in Min6 (n = 4). (F) The quantification of PC2 immunoprecipitation in Min6 (n = 4). (G) The quantification of Pdx1 immunoprecipitation in Min6 (n = 4). (H) The mRNA levels of GLP-1R in Min6 of different groups (n = 3). (I) The mRNA levels of PC1/3 in Min6 of different groups (n = 3). (J) The mRNA levels of PC2 in Min6 of different groups (n = 3). (K) The mRNA levels of Pdx1 in Min6 of different groups (n = 3). All data are presented as means ± SEM. Compared to control group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Compared to model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Compared to BBR group, ~p < 0.05, ~~p < 0.01, ~~~p < 0.001.
Fig 4: Berberine activated a GLP-1/GLP-1R/PKA signaling pathway in aTC1/6 cells. (A) The cck8 representative figures of PA, BBR and GLP-1 (9-36) amide (n = 3). (B) Representative figure of GLP-1 in cell (n = 3). (C) Representative western blots for immunoprecipitation of GLP-1R, PKA and Pdx1 in aTC1/6. (D) The quantification of GLP-1R immunoprecipitation in aTC1/6 (n = 4). (E) The quantification of PKA immunoprecipitation in aTC1/6 (n = 4). (F) The quantification of Pdx1 immunoprecipitation in aTC1/6 (n = 4). (G) The mRNA levels of GLP-1R in aTC1/6 of different groups (n = 3). (H) The mRNA levels of Pdx1 in aTC1/6 of different groups (n = 3). All data are presented as means ± SEM. Compared to control group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Compared to model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Compared to BBR group, ~p < 0.05, ~~p < 0.01, ~~~p < 0.001.
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