Fig 2: Double-immunofluorescent images of Ki-67 and nestin (A~D) and doublecortin (DCX) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (E~H) in 0.5 day in vitro-cultured hippocampal neurons. (A) Immunolabeling of Ki-67 (red). (B) Immuno-labeling of nestin (green). (C) 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining (blue). (D) Merged photograph. (E) Immunolabeling of DCX (red). (F) Immuno-labeling of GFAP (green). (G) DAPI staining (blue). (H) Merged photograph. Scale bars = 30 µm.

Fig 3: CA treatment rescues jejunal crypt survival after high-dose abdominal IR. A. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained jejunal sections harvested from vehicle- or CA-treated mice at 3.5 days after 12.5 Gy abdominal IR. The inserted squares depict whole cross sections of the jejunum. Original magnification, 5x. The arrows indicate crypts that survived following IR. Scale bar = 50 μm. B. Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in the jejunum following CA and IR. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05, n = 6). C. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, a proliferation marker, in a section of the jejunum at 3.5 days after IR. Ki-67 was evaluated using diaminobenzidine (DAB, brown stain) and hematoxylin counterstaining (blue). The arrows indicate crypts, representing intestinal stem cell proliferation.

Fig 4: Protective effect of rolipram on radiation-induced histopathological changes in the testis 35 days following pelvic irrdiation (IR) (2Gy). (A) Representative images (×400) showing H&E and Ki-67-stained testis sections from the irradiation control and rolipram+irradiation groups. Graphs showing the histological features of epithelial height (B) and seminiferous diameter (C). Ki-67 positive cells were detected primarily in the lower layer of the seminiferous tubule, and the immunopositive cells correlated with the tubule germinal cells. (D) Repopulation index (RI) was calculated to show the survival of spermatogonial stem cells. (E) The stem cell survival index (SSI) was calculated using the following equation: SSI=-[lne (1-RI÷100)]. Irradiation reduced SSI and increased RI, but rolipram attenuated these changes. Values are reported as the mean±standard deviation of five mice in each group (*p<0.05 as compared with the irradiation control group).