Fig 1: Characterization of GPM and cytokine sequestration behavior. a) Microscope imaging of PM, Non-gelated PM, and GPM after incubation in PBS for different time points (0, 6 and 24 ?h). b) SEM imaging of PM, Non-gelated PM, and GPM. c) Membrane labeling of GPM by DiI staining. d) Expression of TNFR2 and IL1R2 in the membrane of PM and GPM, and quantitative result based on the western blot analysis. e) Different concentrations of GPM (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1280 ?µg/mL) were incubated in PBS solution containing 10 ?ng/mL of TNF-a and IL-1ß, and the remaining cytokine concentrations were determined by Elisa kits. f) Caco-2 ?cell monolayer was co-treated with 1 ?mg/mL of LPS (1 ?mg/mL) and 320 ?µg/mL of GPM for 24 ?h, the TEER value was determined by epithelial volt-ohmmeter. g) Caco-2 ?cell was co-treated with 1 ?mg/mL of LPS (1 ?mg/mL) and 320 ?µg/mL of GPM for 24 ?h, the LDH release was determined by assay kit. h) Caco-2 ?cell was co-treated with 1 ?mg/mL of LPS (1 ?mg/mL) and 320 ?µg/mL of GPM for 24 ?h, the cytokine release of TNF-a and IL-1ß were determined by assay kits. Data are represented as the mean ?± ?standard deviation (SD). Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test was used for statistical analysis of (d), and One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test was used for statistical analyses of (f), (g) and (h). **P ?= ?0.01 and ***P ?= ?0.001.