Fig 1: Immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of liposomal combined therapies on the expression of CD31 in C26 colon carcinoma tissue. CD31 was used as a marker for proliferating endothelial cells. Positively stained cells appear brown. A, Control. B, 5 mg/kg simvastatin delivered by long-circulating liposomes (LCL-SIM) and 1.2 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil delivered by LCL (LCL-5-FU) at days 8 and 11 after tumor cell inoculation (LCL-SIM + LCL-5FU). C, 5 mg/kg LCL-SIM at days 7 and 10, and 1.2 mg/kg LCL-5-FU at days 8 and 11 after tumor cell inoculation, respectively (LCL-SIManteLCL-5FU). *P < .05; **P < .01; ****P < .0001. Scale bar = 50 µm
Fig 2: PFKFB3 deficiency in endothelial cells reduces intraplaque hemorrhages (IPH) in vein graft lesions. A Representative vein graft lesions stained with anti-TER-119. TER-119 staining (red) allows detection of erythrocytes. Scale bar = 200 µm. B Examples of atherosclerotic lesions in vein grafts of ApoE-/-PFKFB3fl/fl and ApoE-/-PFKFB3ECKO mice stained with anti-CD31, anti-TER-119, and DAPI. An overlay of the three stainings is also shown as well as a magnification (20x) of the boxed areas showing erythrocyte extravasation. Scale bar = 500 µm (4x) or 100 µm (20x). C Quantification of IPH. *P = 0.034 versus ApoE-/-PFKFB3fl/fl. Independent samples t test; n = 7 (ApoE-/-PFKFB3fl/fl) or n = 8 (ApoE-/-PFKFB3ECKO)
Fig 3: Immunohistochemical analysis of melanoma tissue samples. (A) Immunohistochemical imaging of tumor tissues from B16.F10 melanoma-bearing mice after different treatments. Positively stained cells for CD31, a marker for proliferating endothelial cells, for VEGF, the dominant angiogenesis marker, and for F4/80, the pan intratumor murine macrophage marker appear in brown; size bars = 50 µm. (B–D) Immunohistochemical scores of angiogenesis markers CD31 (B) and VEGF (C) and of pan macrophage marker F4/80 (D) in B16.F10 murine melanoma sections treated with IL-13-LCL-SIM and PEG-EV-DOX as monotherapies as well as combined sequential therapy. The immunoreaction intensity scores obtained (minimum 5 random fields/condition) were analyzed by using a rank-based nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. Control, untreated group; IL-13-LCL-SIM, group treated with 5 mg/kg IL-13-LCL-SIM on days 7 and 10 after tumor cell inoculation; PEG-EV-DOX, group treated with 2 mg/kg PEG-EV-DOX on days 8 and 11 after tumor cell inoculation; IL-13-LCL-SIM + PEG-EV-DOX, the group received the nano-formulations sequentially, IL-13-LCL-SIM 5 mg/kg on days 7 and 10, respectively, and PEG-EV-DOX 2 mg/kg on days 8 and 11 after tumor cell inoculation; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; and ****, p < 0.0001.
Fig 4: H&E staining on the sectioned slices at 2 weeks showing that the plain ß-TCP (a) and no-implantation group (b) had hardly any lumen formation; however, numerous lumens containing murine erythrocytes in the AP/ß-TCP group (c) and BP/ß-TCP group (d) were observed. Similar results were seen in the immunohistochemical staining of CD31 on the four groups: plain ß-TCP (e), no-implantation group (f), AP/ß-TCP (g), and BP/ß-TCP group (h). Two magnified images in the BP/ß-TCP group clearly show the lumens containing murine erythrocytes (scale bar = 100 µm). Quantitative results (i) show a significant difference in the vascular volume among the periosteum groups and nonperiosteum group (p < 0.05) by counting CD31-positive expressing lumens, while there was no significant difference between the BP/ß-TCP and AP/ß-TCP groups(p < 0.05). ß-TCP beta-tricalcium phosphate, AP autologous periosteum, BP biomimetic periosteum
Fig 5: Identification of cultured MLECs by western blot and confocal microscopy. (A,B) RNA-sequencing data mined from published literature19 shows expression abundance of three EC marker genes, VE-cadherin (also known as CDH5), CD31 (also known as PECAM1), and vWF. Data shown are normalized counts from two different donors of HUVECs. (C) CD31 expression of EC fraction (CD31+; ICAM2+) and non-EC (CD31-; ICAM2-) fraction after second bead sorting, n = 3 different mice. (D) VE-cadherin (red) and vWF (green) staining of cultured MLEC by confocal microscopy, n = 4, scale bar = 60 um. (E), DiI-oxLDL uptake (red) by cultured MLECs, n = 5, scale bar = 60 um.
Supplier Page from Abcam for Anti-CD31 antibody