Fig 2: The age of onset of Parkinson's in patients with pathogenic VPS35[D620N], LRRK2[G2019S], and LRRK2[ROC–COR] mutations using data available from the MDS database.The age at onset (AAO) of PD patients with pathogenic mutations in (A) VPS35[D620N] (n = 50), (B) LRRK2[G2019S] (n = 277), and (C) LRRK2[ROC–COR mutations encompassing R1441C [n = 13], R1441S [n = 6], R1441G [n = 50], and R1441H [n = 5] as listed in the MDS gene database (http://www.mdsgene.org/) [58]. For R1441H, we included three additional patients published elsewhere and not included in the MDS gene database (1 patient each with AAO 32 and 57 [60] as well as 1 with AAO 59 [61]). For R1441G, we also included 49 additional cases not listed in the MDS gene database and whose AAO had previously been reported as a mean 61.7 ± 8.5 years; range 44–80 years [63]. The authors of the later study kindly made the information for the individual AAO available to us.

Fig 3: Pronounced reactive gliosis in the spinal cord of VPS35 cKO mice crossed with Synapsin-1-Cre mice at P12–P14. (A, B) Immunohistochemical analysis of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord from VPS35fl/fl/Cre (n = 4 mice) or control (VPS35fl/fl, VPS35fl/wt or VPS35wt/wt/Cre; n = 4 mice) mice for the astrocyte marker, GFAP (A) or the microglial marker, Iba1 (B). High magnification images of individual glial cells within the spinal cord ventral horn are shown from the boxed regions (left), as indicated. (A, B) Graphs indicate quantitation of GFAP or Iba1 immunoreactivity within the ventral horn grey matter for each spinal cord region using HALO analysis software. Bars represent the mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype) sampled across three to six sections per animal, with GFAP- or Iba1-positive immunoreactivity expressed as a per cent of total tissue area analysed. *P < 0.05 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. Scale bars: 500 µm.

Fig 4: Binding of OTULIN antagonizes SNX27 association with early endosomes. a Co-elution of endogenous OTULIN and SNX27 was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. Upper panels: cell lysates of parental Jurkat T cells were fractionated using a Superdex 200 column and elution profiles of endogenous proteins (OTULIN, SNX27, HOIP, VPS35, and VPS26) were determined by WB. Lower panels: determination of elution profiles of endogenous SNX27 and OTULIN in OTULIN and SNX27 KO Jurkat T cells, respectively. Peak elution of molecular weight standards is depicted at the top. b HEK293 cells virally transduced with GFP-SNX27 (green) were stained for early endosomes using anti-EEA1 antibody (red) and co-localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. c HEK293 cells were co-transduced with GFP-SNX27 (green) and RFP-OTULIN WT, ?ETSL or C129A (red). Localization of proteins was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. d HEK293 cells virally transduced with RFP-OTULIN WT, ?ETSL or C129A (gray) were stained for endogenous SNX27 (green) and EEA1 (red) and localization was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. e WT or OTULIN KO HEK293 cells were stained for endogenous SNX27 (green) and EEA1 (red) and localization was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Co-localization in d and e was quantified by determining Pearson’s correlation using at least 12 pictures and imaging more than 100 cells for each condition. Graphs depict the mean ± SD. Two-tailed p-values: ns not significant, *p = 0.05, ***p = 0.001 by unpaired t-test. Scale bars: 10 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file

Fig 5: OTULIN competes with VPS26 for SNX27 binding. a SNX27 utilizes residues from the ß3–ß4 insertion to engage with the retromer complex. Structure of SNX27 bound to VPS26A (green surface) (PDB: 4P2A). The canonical PDZbm of OTULIN is shown as a blue cartoon. Rotation of the complex by 45° with superimposition of the OTULIN-SNX27 and VPS26A-SNX27 structures onto SNX27. b Close-up view of a, with residues from the SNX27 ß3–ß4 hairpin that bind to VPS26A shown. c Close-up view of a revealing extensive clashes between OTULIN and VPS26A through overlapping binding sites on the ß3–ß4 hairpin. d Topology diagram of SNX27 showing the canonical PDZbm binding site and the VPS26A and OTULIN binding sites on the ß3–ß4 hairpin. e ITC data for SNX27 PDZ domain titrated against VPS26A. f HEK293 cells were co-transfected with GFP-SNX27, Flag-VPS26A, and HA-OTULIN constructs as indicated. GFP-SNX27 was precipitated using GFP-Traps and tested for simultaneous interactions with VPS26A and OTULIN by WB. g HEK293 cells were co-transfected with GFP-SNX27 and HA-OTULIN constructs as indicated. Following GFP-Trap precipitation, binding of GFP-SNX27 to HA-OTULIN and effects on interaction of GFP-SNX27 with the endogenous retromer subunits VPS26 and VPS35 were monitored by WB. Source data are provided as a Source Data file