Fig 2: Characterization of BMMC compartments in COVID-19 patients.a Schematic diagram of the experimental design. ScRNA-seq of BMMCs derived from six COVID-19 patients and three age-matched HCs from public library were analyzed. b Feature plot of transcription activities for the marker genes of major cell types. c UMAP display of a total of 39,090 BMMCs. Five major cell types are indicated. d UMAP display of the distributions of BMMCs from HCs, mild, and severe patients. e Proportions of four major cell types (excluding erythrocytes) in BMMCs for HCs, mild, and severe patients. f UMAP display of 20 clusters. g Heatmap showing the relative expression of marker genes for each cell type. Colors indicate expression, while the size of the circles represents the proportion of expressed cells. h Proportions of total T cells, total monocytes, and total granulocytes in HCs, mild, and severe patients. i Fraction of CD4+ naïve T cells and CD4+ memory T cells among total cells. j Percentage of CD14+ monocyte among total cells. k Proportion of LTF+ granulocytes among total cells. l Ratio of total B cells, plasma cells, and immature B cells among total cells. m The aligned reads of the BMMC scRNA-seq dataset to the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The blue circle represents the genome of SARS-CoV-2, while red and gray circles represent positive control (previously reported BALF scRNA-seq dataset from COVID-19 patients) and BMMC samples, respectively. n Viral-Track analysis of the BMMCs scRNA-seq dataset. Only the positive control dataset (scRNA-seq data from BALF of COVID-19 patients6) showed QC passed (diamond dot) signals of SARS-CoV-2. P values for pairwise comparisons were calculated, unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s., not significant.

Fig 3: Expression of CXCL16 on monocytes is associated with enhanced clinical disease activity and cardiovascular risk. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of CXCL16 expression on monocyte subpopulations defined by gating for CD14 and CD16 expression in PBMC: classical monocytes (CD14++ CD16-, R1 green), intermediate monocytes (CD14++ CD16+, R2 blue) and non-classical monocytes (CD14low CD16++, R3, red), mean and SD of healthy controls (n= 14; unfilled dots) and patients with psoriasis vulgaris (n= 39; filled dots), Welch’s t test. (B) Correlation of CXCL16 expression on all monocytes of psoriatic patients (n=39) and clinical disease activity (PASI), Pearson’s correlation. (C) Correlation for each monocyte subset defined by color indicated in (A) and PASI score, Pearson’s correlation. (D) Mean and SD of PASI (unpaired t test) and PROCAM (Mann-Whitney test) of normal-weight (unfilled triangles; n=19) and obese psoriatic patients (filled triangles; n=20). (E) Correlation of chemokine expression with cardiovascular risk (PROCAM score); and body-mass-index (BMI). Each dot represents an individual patient, Pearson correlation. (F) CXCL16 expression on monocytes in psoriatic patients without atherosclerosis (n= 6; unfilled trapezoid) or with atherosclerosis (n= 9; filled trapezoid), mean and SD, unpaired t test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***< 0.001. ns, not significant.