Fig 2: EpCAM expression. EpCAM expression was determined. (A) MCF-7 cell line; (B) MDA-MB-231 cell line; (C) primary PTB cells. PTB, Phyllodes tumors of the breast.

Fig 3: EpCAM-/TNAP+ population is enriched with SLCs differentiated from human PSCs. (A) Flow cytometry analyses of EpCAM and TNAP expression in PLZF positive and negative populations from PSCs. (B,C,E) Percentage of PLZF (B), INTEGRINa6 (C), and TRA-1-81 (E) in EpCAM-/TNAP+ population differentiated from human PSCs, analyzed by flow cytometry. (D) Flow cytometry analyses of EpCAM and TNAP expression in TRA-1-81 positive and negative populations from PSCs. (F–G) Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was conducted, using EpCAM and TNAP combination (F), or with EpCAM and CD90 antibodies (G). E, EpCAM; T: TNAP; C: CD90 (H–I) Real-time RT-PCR analyses of germ cell-specific genes on populations sorted with EpCAM and TNAP (H) or with EpCAM and CD90 staining (I). Data represent as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01. Negative gating controls were shown in Supplementary Figure S5.

Fig 4: Culture of bile cholangiocyte organoids. (A) Schematic overview of initiation of bile cholangiocyte organoids (BCOs) from different sources of bile and from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-brushes of the common bile duct (CBD). (B) Representative organoid cultures from ERCP-brushes and ERCP-derived bile at different passages. Passage 0 (48 h after culture initiation), P1 (picture taken 72 h after passage 1) and P5 (picture taken 120 h after passage 5) (p), scale bars indicate 1000 µm. (C) Successful culture percentage from different sources of bile and CBD brushes. (D) Flow cytometry analysis of cells within ERCP-derived bile (n = 3) revealed that a mean 44.3%±19.7 is of biliary (EpCAM+) origin

Fig 5: ATO inhibits invasion of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells in hypoxia. (A) Optical micrographs presenting the inhibition of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cell invasiveness after treatment with 15 µM ATO for 24 h under hypoxic conditions according to Transwell invasion assays. Cells treated with 50 µM DDP were used as a positive control. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) Number of invaded EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells. (C) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression in EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells treated with 15 µM ATO for 24 h under hypoxia. Cells treated with 50 µM DDP served as the positive control. The mRNA expression is presented relative to the DMSO control. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001 vs. DMSO as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. ATO, atovaquone; DDP, cisplatin, TIMP, tissue inhibitor of MMPs; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule.