Fig 2: BMSCs proliferation, migration, and differentiation in response to the polarized macrophages by scaffolds. (A) Effects of macrophage polarization on BMSCs proliferation using CCK-8 assay. (B) BMSCs migration induced by macrophage polarization using Transwell assays. Scale bar, 1 mm. (C) Quantification analysis of cells migration. (D) ALP staining for alkaline phosphatase activities and ARS images for calcium deposits of the BMSCs. (E) Semi-quantitative data of ALP activity assay. (F) Quantified analysis of ARS. (G) mRNA expression levels of BMP2 and RUNX2 as measured by qRT-PCR. (H) IF images for cytoskeletal proteins F-actin (green), vinculin (red), and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Ns, no significance; ##P < 0.01 vs β-TCP scaffold; ***P < 0.001 vs Control group; ###P < 0.001 vs β-TCP scaffold; &&&P < 0.001 vs BRT-R scaffold.