Fig 2: Helenalin suppresses migration and invasion by TrxR1 expression in prostate carcinoma cells. (A–D) Migration distance was detected in (A, B) DU145 and (C, D) PC-3 cells treated with TrxR1 plasmid and/or helenalin by wound healing assay. (E–G) The number of invasive DU145 and PC-3 cells was assessed following treatment with TrxR1 plasmid and/or helenalin by transwell assay. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001; **** P<0.0001.

Fig 3: Western blotting to analyze the protein expression of TXNRD1. The expression of TXNRD1 in 16 HBE cells (a), small airway epithelium (b), and mouse lung (c).

Fig 4: The validation of mRNA expression of top 10 metabolism-related differential genes in 16HBE cells. RT-PCR to calculate the expression of ALDH3A1 (a), AKR1C3 (b), CYP1A1 (c), NQO1 (d), AKR1B10 (e), AKC1C1 (f), GPX2 (g), CBR1 (h), CPY1B1 (i), and TXNRD1 (j).

Fig 5: Antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle in response to incremental exercise to exhaustion in normoxia and severe hypoxia, and post-exercise ischaemia. Levels of protein expression of (A) GR, (B) Trx1, (C) Gpx1 and (D) TrxR1. Nx: normoxia session (FIO2 = 0.21, PIO2 = 143 mmHg); Hyp: severe normobaric hypoxia session (FIO2 = 0.104, PIO2 = 73 mmHg); Pre: before exercise; Post: 10 s after exercise cessation during ischaemic recovery; Oc1m: 60 s after exercise cessation during ischaemic recovery; FC1m: 60 s after exercise cessation during recovery with free circulation. For panel (A), n = 11 for all conditions except for Oc1m Nx (n = 9) and Post Hyp (n = 10) and for panels (B), (C) and (D), n = 11 except for Oc1m Nx (n = 9). See Fig. 1 for a detailed description of the experimental phases. The statistical analysis was performed with logarithmically transformed data for GR. Values presented are means ± standard errors and expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.). †p < 0.05 vs. Pre Nx; *p < 0.05 vs. Pre Hyp; #p < 0.05 vs. Post Hyp.