Fig 2: Comparative proteome analysis of 3×Tg-AD and control samples at different stages of AD.(A, B, C) Activation of biological processes at different stages of the disease assessed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Heat maps represent activation z-score change over the course of disease progression and indicate pathways that are activated at 6M (A), 12M (B) and 18M (C). Data were obtained from four biological replicates per group for each time point. Z-score is calculated based on experimental protein expression data (log2 AD/control ratio) and the theoretical information stored in the IPA Knowledge Base. Positive value of z-score indicates an activation of biological pathway or function. Distribution of the quantified proteins at 2M (D), 6M (E), 12M (F) and 18M (G) based on log2 ratio AD/Control and p-value (t-test) by time point. The pie charts represent the number of quantified non-regulated proteins (grey), significantly different proteins between 3×Tg-AD and control samples, t-test p-value 0.05 (pink) and significantly regulated proteins with more than 50% expression change in comparison to the control (red). (H–I) Dynamics of protein expression over the course of AD progression for a selection of the most regulated proteins based on their function. Proteins involved in mRNA processing and transport (H) that are upregulated over time and serine protease inhibitors (I) that are downregulated. (J–M) Putative presymptomatic protein markers of the disease. (J) Top 10 significantly up- and downregulated proteins in 3×Tg-AD mice at presymptomatic time point (2M). (K) Immunoblot analysis of most regulated hits. Soluble fractions of brain proteins were analyzed from four 2-month-old control and 3×Tg-AD mice animals, respectively. Hebp1 and Glo1 levels were consistently elevated in the transgenic animals as compared to wild type controls. Ca1 levels were reduced in transgenic animals. Presymptomatic markers that remain up- (L) or downregulated (M) across the AD progression.10.7554/eLife.47498.007Figure 2—source data 1.Full list of quantified proteins in the soluble brain fraction of 3×Tg-AD and wild-type mice.

Fig 3: BMP9–ALK1 signaling is associated with epithelial cell differentiation toward colonocytes. (A) Lineage-specific gene expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial cell monolayers. Expanded cells were cultured in expansion media in the presence or absence of BMP9 and ALK1–Fc chimera protein. Each gene expression was normalized to RPLP0 (N = 6 per group). (B) CA1 protein expression in NIBD patient-derived colonic epithelial monolayers (N = 4 per group). (C) Colonocyte marker expression in colonic epithelial cells isolated from CD patients (N = 15) and NIBD controls (N = 12). Each gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. (D) CA1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls (left) and CD patients (right). (E) CA1 protein expression in the colonic mucosa of NIBD controls and CD patients (N = 5 per group). *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, and ****P < .0001. P values were determined by the (A and B) Friedman test followed by the Dunn multiple comparison test, or the (C and E) Mann–Whitney test.