Fig 2: PT150 reduces the severity of immune responses and lung pathology in animals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 driven pathological changes in lung tissue (A) shows concurrent increases in SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleocapsid protein intensity and CD4+ populations early in the course of infection (3 DPI) followed by increases in IL-6 production and IBA1+ cell populations at 5 DPI (B). Therapeutic treatment utilizing PT150 decreased the severity of all pathologic responses measured, based on the area under the curve (AUC) for SARS-CoV-2 (C), CD4+ cells (D), IL-6 (E), and IBA1+ cells (F).

Fig 3: IL-6 could be involved in host defense in AD and DS brain. ELISA based analysis of IL-6 in serum samples showing increased levels in AD and highest level in DS when compared with hepcidin (p < 0.0001; A). Samples were analyzed from AD and age matched older controls (OC), IL-6 levels were significantly higher in AD serum (B; p < 0.0001). Ferritin (FTH) was present close to a SP in DS brain analyzed by double immunofluorescence, and did not co-localize with Aß42 positive plaques (C). Another control brain section from white matter tract (WMT) of corpus callosum (CC), labeled with hepcidin, expression being visible in the WMT (in the oligodendrocytes), whereas IL-1ß being present in the microglia with minimal co-localization (D–F). Brain sections from AD (HP, hippocampus) and DS (SFG) when stained with hepcidin and IL-1ß, revealed similarly the presence of hepcidin (punctuate, vesicular appearance) in the hippocampal neurons, whereas IL-1ß was visible only in the microglia with minimum co-localization (G,H). When control and DS brain sections of HP and SFG were stained for hepcidin and IL-6, there was less IL-6 visible in the control brain (I), whereas there was a higher co-localization seen in the granule cells of hippocampus of DS subjects (J–L). Scale bar: (C and G) = 20 µm, (D–F) = 50 µm, (H–L) = 25 µm. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

Fig 4: Significant differences in CVL levels of IL-6, MIP-1ß, and IL-17A among the 3 vaccine groups at different time points including Week 0 and 90 analyzed using Mann-Whitney t-test. Data presented as values from individual monkeys with median. (A–C) IL-6 (D–I) MIP-1ß (J,K) IL-17A. n = 8 monkeys/group (n = 7 for Gag/Env). Experiments were run in duplicates. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Non-significant differences between groups were not included.

Fig 5: Significant changes in the CVL levels of IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1a, and MIP-1ß after immunization and multiple boosts analyzed using Wilcoxon matched- pairs signed-rank paired t-test. Data presented as values from individual monkeys with median and range. Arrows indicate immunization. n = 8 monkeys/group (n = 7 for Gag/Env). Experiments were run in duplicates. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.