Fig 2: CRAMP modulates intestinal immune disorder in GIE A Il15 expression in duodenal epithelial cells ex vivo (n = 8).BThe frequency of NKG2D+ IELs among CD3+CD4+ population (n = 8).CThe frequency of CX3CR1+ macrophages in CD45+CD11b+ population and ALDH activity in CD45+CD11b+CX3CR1+ macrophages in lamina propria (n = 8).DThe percentages of three subsets of CD45+CD11c+ DCs and ALDH activity in CD45+CD11c+ DCs in lamina propria (n = 8).E–GThe percentages of (E) Foxp3+ Treg, (F) T-bet+ Th1 and (G) ROR?t+ Th17 among CD3+CD4+ population in lamina propria were shown by flow cytometry (n = 8). Data information: Data in A were representative and were the mean ± SD from two independent experiments. Data (B–G) were representative and were the median ± interquartile range from three independent experiments. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Source data are available online for this figure.

Fig 3: Effect of cambogin on immune cells following DSS exposure. (A and D) MLN cells and (B–E) spleen cells isolated from the colitis model were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for 4 h, subsequently stained with antibodies against CD4, IL‐17, IFN‐γ, Foxp3, T‐bet, RORγt and CTLA4 and analysed using flow cytometry. The numbers in the corners of the FACS dot plots represent the percentage of each cell population within that quadrant as a fraction of the total number of cells. All data are presented as the means ± SEM and n = 7 mice per group. Compared with normal control group, #P < 0.05; compared with DSS control group, *P < 0.05.

Fig 4: Pseudomonas aeruginosa depletion restores CRAMP production and dampens GIE AAnimal protocol.BThe levels of CRAMP in serum (n = 8).CThe levels of CRAMP in duodenum (n = 6).DRepresentative images of intestinal damage by H&E staining. Scale bar: 200 µm. The graph depicted the ratio of the morphometric assessment of villus height to crypt depth (n = 6).EWestern blot and densitometry analyses of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) and zonulin in duodenum (n = 6).FIntestinal permeability was assessed by measuring FITC-Dextran (n = 6).GThe frequency of NKG2D+ IELs among CD3+CD4+ population (n = 8).HThe frequency of CX3CR1+ macrophages among CD45+CD11b+ population (n = 8).IThe percentages of three subsets of CD45+CD11c+ DCs (n = 8).J–LThe percentages of (J) Foxp3+ Treg, (K) T-bet+ Th1 and (L) ROR?t+ Th17 among CD3+CD4+ population in lamina propria were shown by flow cytometry (n = 8). Data information: Data (B–F) were representative and were the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Data (G–L) were representative and were the median ± interquartile range from three independent experiments. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Source data are available online for this figure.

Fig 5: PTP1B deletion enhances T-cell activation, proliferation, survival, and STAT5 signaling. A, Naïve (CD44loCD62Lhi) CD8+ T cells from Ptpn1fl/fl and Lck-Cre;Ptpn1fl/fl were stimulated with plate-bound a-CD3 (2.5 µg/mL) and a-CD28 (1.25 µg/mL) for 48 hours and CD25, CD44, CD69, and CD62L levels determined by flow cytometry. B, CTV-labeled naïve CD8+ T cells from Ptpn1fl/fl and Lck-Cre;Ptpn1fl/fl mice were stimulated with the indicated concentrations of plate-bound a-CD3 plus a-CD28 (1.25 µg/mL) for 72 hours and T-cell proliferation (CTV dilution) determined by flow cytometry. C, Basal intracellular p-STAT5 and BCL2 levels were assessed by flow cytometry in naïve (CD44lo) and memory (CD44hi) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Ptpn1fl/fl and Lck-Cre;Ptpn1fl/fl mice. D, Intracellular Eomes and T-bet protein levels were assessed by flow cytometry in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from Ptpn1fl/fl and Lck-Cre;Ptpn1fl/fl mice. E,In vitro–generated rested effector CD8+ or CD4+ T cells were stimulated with IL2 (5 ng/mL) for the indicated times and intracellular STAT5 Y694 phosphorylation (p-STAT5) assessed by flow cytometry. Representative results (means ± SEM) from at least two independent experiments are shown. Significance in A–D was determined using a two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test and in E using a two-way ANOVA test. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.