Fig 1: Activation of interferon signaling pathway by ESPS in HepG2.2.15 cells. After treatment with ESPS at indicated concentrations, Western blotting analysis was used to detect the levels of IRF3 or p-IRF3 protein; ß-actin protein was used as loading control (A). qPCR was used to detect the levels of intracellular IFN-a (B), IFN-ß (C), OAS (E), and MxA (F). Secreted IFN-ß (D) was detected by ELISA. LPS was used as positive control. Values are means ±SD (n = 3). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. the normal control group.