Fig 2: (A) mRNA levels of enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism in mouse liver, Actb was chose as the housekeeping genes to normalize the qPCR results. (B) Protein levels of ADSL, APRT, PNP, and ADA in HepG2 cells after serum shock. (C) Urate levels in cell culture supernatant at different points after serum shock. (D) Per2 mRNA levels in liver after T3 treatment, Actb was chose as the housekeeping genes to normalize the qPCR results. (E) Per2 mRNA levels in HepG2 cells at different time points after serum shock, Actb was chose as the housekeeping genes to normalize the qPCR results. (F) Protein levels at 48 h after transfection with siPer2. (G) Per2 levels in HepG2 cells after serum shock. (H) Urate production in HepG2 cells at 48 h after treatment (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01).

Fig 3: (A) Detection of GFP by fluorescence microscopy at 48 h after transfection (Per2-OE, Per2 overexpressing cells). (B) Urate production in cell culture supernatant at 72 h after transfection. (C) Protein expression after Per2 overexpressing in cells. (D) ImageJ (NIH) semiquantitative analysis of the levels of multiple enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01).

Fig 4: (A) Luciferase reporter activity at 48 h after treatment. (B) Per2 gene upstream region and TR-ß binding site analysis. (C) For the predicted binding site, samples of input, TR-ß IP, and IgG IP were analyzed by PCR. (D) ChIP-qPCR results (**P < 0.01). (E) Effect of EX527 on T3-induced Per2 expression. (F) Sirt1 immunofluorescence analysis. (G) Nuclear levels of Sirt1 in HepG2 cells treated with T3 for 48 h.

Fig 5: LbGP reduces the de novo lipid synthesis and metabolism of glioma cells depending on the expression of PER2.A Volcano plots showing fold changes in lipids in the shNC U87 cells treated with 200 µg/ml LbGP for 24 h. B Heatmap showing the specific lipids in the shNC U87 cells treated with 200 µg/ml LbGP for 24 h (VIPå 1). C Volcano plots showing fold changes in lipids in the shPer2 U87 cells treated with 200 µg/ml LbGP for 24 h. D Heatmap showing the specific lipids in the shNC U87 cells treated with 200 µg/ml LbGP for 24 h (VIPå 1). E–J Volcano plots showing fold changes in the lipids (16:0), CER, PA, PI, PC, and PE in the shNC or shPer2 U87 cells. The data are represented as the mean ± SD of three replicates. Significance is represented as *P < 0.05. Not significant is represented as *P = 0.05. OPLS-DA was used to analyze differentially abundant metabolites. Variable importance in projection (VIP) was used to measure the impact strength and explanatory power of the expression patterns of each metabolite on the classification and discrimination of each group of samples.