Fig 1: Effects of 40-Hz light flicker on clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (A) The mRNA expression of Per2, Bmal1, and Clock (n = 6). (B) The mRNA expression of Sirt1 (n = 6). (C) SIRT1 (red) and nuclei with DAPI (blue) are shown (100 × original magnification). #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 significantly different from normal group; *P < 0.005, **P < 0.01, significantly different from ethanol alone group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. All histograms represent the mean ± SD of five independent assays. NS, nonsignificant.
Fig 2: Forty-hertz light flicker attenuates dysregulation of the circadian clock pathway in alcohol exposure mice. (A) Heatmap of brain and muscle arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1), period 2 (Per2), and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) with ethanol treatment of mice liver tissue (n=3). (B) Protein expression levels of PER2, BMAL1, and CLOCK of mice liver were determined at 4 h after the last 40-Hz light flicker administration by five independent Western blots. (C) Expression of PER2, BMAL1, and CLOCK in mouse livers were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining (400× original magnification) (n = 6). #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 significantly different from pair-fed group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, significantly different from ethanol group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test.
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