Fig 2: Proteomic analysis of the levels of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) and other virus receptors in human carotid plaques. A–D, Pearson correlation between CXADR and junction adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) (A), inflammatory cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (B), neuropilin 2 (NRP2) (C), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) (D) protein levels in human plaques. Abbreviation: AU, arbitrary units.

Fig 3: Up-regulation of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) in human carotid plaques. A, Plot graph showing CXADR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human carotid plaques (n = 127) compared with normal arteries (n = 10). B, Bar graph showing results from proteomic analysis of CXADR protein levels in plaques (central) versus nonplaque regions (distal) of human carotid arteries. Abbreviation: AU, arbitrary units.

Fig 4: Up-regulation of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) in aortic plaques in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Representative immunofluorescent images showing staining of CXADR (red) in aortic walls from 10-week-old (A) or 50-week-old (B) Ldr-/-Apob100/100 mice. Endothelial cells and macrophages were stained with antibodies against CD31 (green) and CD68 (white), respectively. Cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue). A plaque lesion in the aortic wall of a 50-week-old mouse is enclosed in a dashed oval (right-hand images). Images were obtained with a digital camera and processed with NIS-Elements software (version 4.0; https://www.microscope.healthcare.nikon.com/products/software/nis-elements). Scale bars represent 60 µm (×10 magnification images) and 30 µm (×20 magnification images).

Fig 5: Induction of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. A, Western blot analysis showing CXADR protein levels in THP-1 cells cultured as monocytes (Mo), differentiated into macrophages (M0), and further polarized into M1 or M2 macrophages. Abbreviation: MW, molecular weight. B, Immunofluorescence staining for CXADR (green) in THP-1 cells differentiated into M0, M1, or M2 macrophages. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Images were obtained with a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope and processed with NIS-Elements software (version 4.0). (https://www.microscope.healthcare.nikon.com/products/software/nis-elements). (Scale bar represents 10 µm.)